# How to count degrees of freedom in a symmetric $N \times N$ matrix?

I am reading Wayne Hu's short lecture on cosmology mathematical infrastructure (https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0402060), and have several questions.

Some background for us lazy people that don't want to open the link:

Wayne basically shows us how to quickly count the number of degrees of freedom, using a couple of methods:

1. A 4x4 symmetric matrix (i.e. the space-time metric, and stress-energy tensor in this case) has $$\frac{4\cdot 5}{2}=10$$ degrees of freedom.
2. These degrees of freedom can be decomposed into Scalar, Vector and Tensor (SVT) components.
3. Wayne decomposes said DOF thus: $$g^{00}=-a^{-2}(1-2A);\;A\text{ is a scalar}\\ g^{0i}=-a^{-2}B^{i};\; B^i \text{ a vector shift} \\ g^{ij}=a^{-2}\left(\gamma^{ij}-2H_{L}\gamma^{ij}-2H_{T}^{ij}\right);\;$$ where $$H_L$$ is a scalar perturbation to the spatial curvature and $$H_T^{ij}$$ is a trace-free distortion to spatial metric.

Similarly, the $$T^{\mu}_{\nu}$$ breakdown is: $$T^0_0 = -\rho -\delta\rho\\ T^0_i=(\rho+p)(v_i+B_i)\\ T^i_0=-(\rho+p)v^i\\ T^i_j=(p+\delta p)\delta^i_j +p\Pi^i_j$$

So far so good. However, on page 7 near the bottom, he counts the DOF thusly: 20 variables, -17 (Homogenous and Isotropic), -2 Einstein equations, -1 conservation equations, +1 Bianchi identity = 1 Degree of freedom.

1. The (slightly stupid) first question is: Isotropy means there are no vectors "alive", Homogeneity means no distortions - i.e. no tensor "alive". That leaves us with 4(!!) scalars. I am GUESSING Homogeneity also ties in $$A$$ to $$H_L$$ but I guess I'm searching for someone to verify this.

2. The second question is more involved (I think). Suppose I am dealing with a $$5\times5$$ matrix. The "SVT" decomp gives us: (1) scalar $$\times1$$, (3) vector $$\times1$$, (5) Tensor of degree 2 $$\times1$$, (7) Tensor of degree 3 $$\times1$$ and (9) Tensor of degree 4 $$\times1$$ = 1+3+5+7+9=25.

However, enforcing symmetry (after all we are dealing with a metric) gives us $$\frac{5\cdot6}{2}=15$$ DOF. In the $$4\times4$$ case out of the scalar $$\times1$$, vector $$\times1$$, tensor $$\times1$$ and tensor 3-degree $$\times1$$, the symmetry "turns off" all of the 3rd degree tensor contributions except the scalar degree of freedom. And given that the $$4\times4$$ symmetric case is embedded in the $$5\times5$$ symmetric one we have 5 more degrees of freedom to account for. Now I am guessing the scalar of the 4th degree tensor is activated, and I can guess the remaining 4 degrees of freedom activate the 2 vectors and two tensors in the 3rd degree tensor.

Can anyone provide a methodical way of accounting for the "turned on/off" degrees of freedom in the general $$N\times N$$ symmetric matrix?

OK,

So I figured out my own misconception.

Since the $$N\times N$$ matrix STILL has only two indexes, it can't embed any tensors over a 2nd degree. Thus my notion of a 3rd degree tensor is simply not correct. The right way to think about it is that in a $$N\times N$$ space-time, vector degrees of freedom have $$N-1$$ variables. They have $$N$$ entries, but the transformation rule that determines them to be vectors enforce one variable to be dependent on the other $$N-1$$.

By the same token, a general tensor now has a $$N-1 \times N-1$$. However, enforcing symmetry for the tensor means $$\frac{(N-1)N}{2}$$ variables, and the traceless condition removes an additional degree.

Let's test this on the $$4\times 4$$ case: We have (1) scalar, (3) vector and ($$3\cdot 4 /2 -1 = 5$$) tensor. The additional scalar comes from the trace of tensor that we took away previously. All in all: $$1 + 3 +5 +1 =10$$

Let's look at a 5-dimensional square symmetric matrix: We have (1) scalar, (4) vector, and ($$4*5/2 -1=9$$) tensor. Again we add another scalar to get: $$(1+4+9+1=15)$$.

In the general case: (1) scalar, $$(N-1)$$ vector, $$(N(N-1)/2 -1)$$ tensor + (1) scalar. i.e. $$1+N-1 +\frac{N^2 -N}{2} -1 +1=\frac{N^2}{2} +\frac{N}{2} = \frac{N(N+1)}{2}$$

What threw me off was the Laplacian eigenfunctions of the 3-dimensional space. The Laplacian eigenfunctions of a 4-dimensional space OBVIOUSLY look different. But they still have the same decomposition into: $$Q_0^{0}=\text{scalar}\\ Q_1^{0}=\text{scalar}\;, Q_1^{\pm 1}=\text{vectors}\\ Q_2^{0}=\text{scalar}\;,Q_2^{\pm 1}=\text{vectors}\; , Q_2^{\pm 2}=\text{tensors}$$.

Anyway, the conclusion is that SVT decomp works for arbitrary $$N\geq 4$$ dimensions.