# Why the cross product of two vectors gives a vector in an orthogonal direction? [duplicate]

I understood the concept of cross product with an example of Torque. I understood the concept. But what confuses me is that how can cross product of two orthogonal vector in a plane give us the product which is in other axis. i × j =k, how is that possible.

Eg:- This is a spinner.

Suppose we apply a perpendicular force and we multiply it with r so we get the torque (vector product). The spinner starts spinning.

So in this spinning picture how is there a motion or vector in 3rd dimension (k^), as the vector product theory suggests?

• Does this answer your question? Torque direction meaning Mar 23, 2020 at 12:15
• No, not really, I saw this question before and it doesn't really answer the exact question.the answers are really kind of advanced mathematics. I am a school student so I can't really understand it.
– User
Mar 23, 2020 at 12:32
• The 3rd dimension is also another way off saying that the new value is independent (orthogonal) to the other values. So for torque we multiply l x F and we get this new property (called torque) which is not force or length but is related to their magnitudes. Mar 23, 2020 at 13:26
• Note that it is not only orthogonal vectors, but any two non-parallel vectors result in an out of plane cross product. Mar 23, 2020 at 14:13
• Does this answer provide any insight? > why use cross products in physics Mar 23, 2020 at 14:39

It's really just a convention that happens to work out nicely.

Fundamentally, rotations should be thought of as acting in a plane. For example, your spinner is rotating in the $$xy$$-plane. If you apply a force in the $$x$$-direction at a point on the $$y$$-axis, this exerts a torque in the $$xy$$-plane, and its angular momentum in the $$xy$$-plane changes.

Thought of this way, the torque isn't really the same as the vectors you learn about in intro physics. Among other things, it has two directions associated with it, rather than the single direction associated with a vector. And if you're an introductory student, it might be annoying & frustrating to have to learn a whole new set of mathematical machinery to do rotational motion. Vectors can be tricky enough!

But fortunately, there's a bit of a "hack" that we've come up with to get around this. If you think about it, saying that "this object is rotating in the $$xy$$-plane" is equivalent to saying "this object's $$z$$-axis is fixed." What the cross product does is to map the two vectors defining a rotation plane ($$\hat{\imath}$$ and $$\hat{\jmath}$$) to a vector defining the fixed axis ($$\hat{k}$$). There's not necessarily any motion in the $$z$$-direction when this happens; it's just a way of mapping rotation planes (such as the $$xy$$-plane) to rotation axes (such as the $$z$$-axis.)

• Thanks. So we don't have any other way of defining the product of cross product, so we just say that if at all they are rotating in xy plane then z(k^) should be fixed?. Can we also define them as "if it is a cross product then its sum should be 1(as sin90 is 1)" ?
– User
Mar 23, 2020 at 13:38
• (2) Also by this logic whenever let's suppose two vector are cross multiplied and the answer is 5i+7j+k. Then what does that mean ?
– User
Mar 23, 2020 at 16:52
• Can you please answer these questions, I am really confused.
– User
Mar 23, 2020 at 18:15
• @User: I'm not sure what your first question means; can you rephrase it? As far as the second question goes, one way to look at it is that if $\vec{r} \times \vec{F} = 5 \hat{\imath} + 7 \hat{\jmath} + \hat{k}$, then that torque will cause an object to rotate around an axis parallel to the vector $5 \hat{\imath} + 7 \hat{\jmath} + \hat{k}$ (or, more accurately, in the plane perpendicular to this vector.) Mar 23, 2020 at 19:31
• No, clockwise & counter-clockwise rotations around the same axis would correspond to two vectors that are completely opposite each other (i.e., $5 \hat{\imath} + 7 \hat{\jmath} + \hat{k}$ vs. $-5 \hat{\imath} - 7 \hat{\jmath} - \hat{k}$.) Mar 23, 2020 at 19:59

There is no motion in the third direction. The torque in three dimensions will be a vector if it satisfies the properties of a vector. From the way it adds and subtracts, from the way it transforms under changes of coordinate system, and by its behaviour under composition with other vectors using vector operations, we can conclude that it is a vector, and find its direction. For example, we can find the dot product of the torque with a vector in the i-j plane. If this vanishes, we can conclude that torque points in the $$\pm$$k direction.

Also, torque need not always be a vector, like in the hypothetical case of a two-dimensional world. We have rotations here, but no third direction, so torque is no longer a vector, since it just does not satisfy the properties of a two dimensional vector.