# Why is the center of mass the pivot of rotation?

Suppose a ball moves horizontally to the right and hits a vertical stick at a position closer to its upper end. I understand intuitively, the stick will have linear and angular momentum, and that it will spin around its center of mass.

But why must the mass rotate around its center of mass? Why couldn't the stick simply move horizontally to the right (along with the ball) and not spin at all since the stick's center of mass isn't pinned to anything? It seems like there exists an imaginary pin at the center of mass causing it to rotate around that point regardless of where the ball hit.

And my second question is can the point of reference be chosen at a point other than the center of mass (but still be on the stick), and calculate the torque about that point and still be able to calculate the stick's motion after collision? I've thought about picking the point the ball collides with the stick as the point of reference. Then by the definition of torque, the torque will be $$0$$, which implies there will be no rotation at all? Why is this reasoning incorrect?

• It isn't necessarily. If the object is "free", not pinned to anything then its motion separated into CoM motion and rotation about CoM. – ggcg Feb 28 at 15:05

Suppose a ball moves horizontally to the right and hits a vertical stick at a position closer to its upper end. I understand intuitively, the stick will have linear and angular momentum, and that it will spin around its center of mass.

For simplicity, let's assume following the collision the ball ends up at rest, so that all of its momentum and angular momentum is transferred to the stick. While the specifics of how we would get this to happen depends on the mass and velocity of the ball, and where it hits the stick, but let's just assume it has been set up this way (or that there are other internal interactions that allow this to happen). If you want to consider cases where the ball does not end up at rest after the collision then you can do that, but I don't think it is essential for the question and answer at the moment.

Let's also assume that the collision is quick, so we don't need to get into the mess of thinking about the forces during the collision.

But why must the mass rotate around its center of mass? Why couldn't the stick simply move horizontally to the right (along with the ball) and not spin at all since the stick's center of mass isn't pinned to anything? It seems like there exists an imaginary pin at the center of mass causing it to rotate around that point regardless of where the ball hit.

We can pick our reference point to be the center of mass of the object. Then the ball has some non-zero angular momentum about the reference point, and since the ball comes to rest it must be that the stick picks up angular momentum about this point. If the stick didn't spin, then we would have no angular momentum about the center of mass. So we at least agree that there has to be some sort of rotation.

But why should the object spin about the center of mass? Well, if the object spun about some other point, then there would have to be some net force being applied to the object (with the center of mass of the object still being the reference point).$$^*$$ But after the collision, there are no forces acting on the stick, so we cannot have a torque acting on the stick. Continued rotation about the center of mass is the only way for the object's angular momentum to remain constant about the center of mass (our chosen reference point).$$^{**}$$

Can the point of reference be chosen at a point other than the center of mass (but still be on the stick), and calculate the torque about that point and still be able to calculate the stick's motion after collision? I've thought about picking the point the ball collides with the stick as the point of reference. Then by the definition of torque, the torque will be 0, which implies there will be no rotation at all? Why is this reasoning incorrect?

You are always free to pick any reference point you want to to calculate things like torque and angular momentum. You are right that if we choose the reference point to be the point of collision, then the ball exerts no torque on the stick. This just means that the angular momentum of the stick will be $$0$$ about this exact point in space. This does not mean the stick doesn't rotate, it just means that if you were to add up the angular momentum of each part of the stick as it moves (translational and rotational motion) you would find the total angular momentum to be $$0$$. Note that, once again, if there was no rotation of the stick at all, this condition would not be met.

If it is harder to wrap your head around this, then good. This is why we usually pick the reference point to be the point about which the object rotates, rather than some other point. The analysis becomes much easier to do.

$$^*$$Remember, $$\mathbf a_\text{COM}=\mathbf F_\text{net}/M$$, so if the object is rotating about a point that is not the center of mass, then $$\mathbf a_\text{COM}\neq0$$ and there must be a net force acting on the object.

$$^{**}$$Note that I have done a subtle change of reference frame here. Before the collision the reference point was the center of mass, which is at rest. After the collision, we are looking at the object in the reference frame of the object. The above analysis would still be true if we stayed in the original frame of reference, but I think it is easier to think of "before" and "after" the collision in these frames. The reason we can get away with this is because after the collision, the center of mass will move with a constant velocity.

• "But why should the object spin about the center of mass? Well, if the object spun about some other point, then there would have to be some torque being applied to the object (with the center of mass of the object still being the reference point)." Why can't I choose a point other than the center of mass as the reference point and repeat this argument and conclude that the object must spin around this other point? – Harry Wang Feb 22 at 19:04
• Now I understand there must be rotation, but why must the rotation occur around the center of mass. For example, Why can't the object rotate around the center of its shape, like its centroid, even when the object does not have uniform density? – Harry Wang Feb 22 at 19:08
• @HarryWang See my edit. The only way to make an object rotate about a point other than its center of mass is to have a non-zero net force act on it. After the collision there are no forces acting on the stick, so we cannot have rotation about some other point – BioPhysicist Feb 22 at 19:11

Since momentum and angular momentum have to be conserved, the only way to satisfy them simultaneously is by having the pivot at the centre of mass.

• A good point. (It does assume there are no external forces.) – R.W. Bird Feb 28 at 15:14

If you write an expression for the vector sum of the momenta for all the particles in a system and apply the definition of the center of mass, you find that the total momentum can be writen as, MV, in terms of the total mass and the velocity of the center of mass. If you then apply one or more external forces to the system, one or more parts will change their momentum with a corresponding change in the velocity of the center of mass. (Any internal forces will occur as equal and opposite pairs and will not effect the total momentum.) The bottom line is that the center of mass follows a relatively smooth curve in response to the sum of the external forces. For any part of the system moving relative to the center of mass, the motion can be broken into a radial component and one that can be interpreted as rotation. If the system is a rigid body, then any rotation must be shared by the entire body. The center of mass itself will not revolve around another point unless directed to do so by an external force, such as that from a fixed axle. (Note: The center of mass of the Earth-Moon system follows a smooth orbit around the Sun.)

Newton's second law states that the rate of change of momentum equals the net forces acting on a body. And momentum is defined as the product of mass and the velocity of the center of mass.

As a result, the net forces acting on a body only affect the motion of the center of mass as a point. The rest of the body can rotate about the center of mass as the CM travels in a straight line.

In a co-moving reference frame, this appears as the body is rotating about the center of mass.

You can think of this situation backwards also. If the body was rotating about any other point besides the CM, the then the CM will travel around the pivot and experience acceleration. But the only way this can happen is if forces are acting on the body. Then the body won't be free to move on its own, but constrained in some other fashion.