Entropy exchange of a free fall I have a problem in which the tell me that you drop a bag of 50 kg of sand from 10 meters high, and you have to caltulate the entropy difference of the sand, asuming that the speific heat of the sand is so high that its temperature (298K) doesn't change. My result is 16.5 J/K, and my problem is with the sign. The book doensn't give an explanation but just an answer and it's positive, but I'm thinking that in the impact the heat must flow out of the sand, as it's loosing its kinetic energy, so the entropy would decrease, and the surroundings entropy would increase; what am I missing, or what is really going on here?
 A: In reality the sandbag is going transfer energy via drag to air, work on the ground during impact (by denting the ground), and heat transfer to the ground  etc., but I am going to assume your textbook wants the problem to be simple. So, let us consider that the sand bag falls to the ground and stops, has no drag in the air and energy transfer to the ground.
So coming to a halt with no energy transfer to air or ground, all the potential energy must become internal energy of the sand.  Consider the sand bag to be a homogeneous thermodynamic system, its internal state changes as per the Gibbs equation
\begin{align*}
TdS = dU+PdV-\mu dN
\end{align*}
No change in composition or volume ($dV=0, dN=0$). That leaves,
\begin{align*}
\int_{initial}^{final}dS = \int_{initial}^{final}\frac{dU}{T}
\end{align*}
Now sand is not ideal gas! So technically changes in internal energy can occur with no change in temperature. But regardless of that fact, one can also say that the specific heat is high the temp change is negligible and pull the temperature out of the integral,
\begin{align*}
\Delta S = \frac{\Delta U}{T}
\end{align*}
All this entropy change will be positive (entropy generated by the internal dissipation of potential energy to internal energy in the molecules comprising sand). I am guessing this should work out numerically to your answer. If not maybe we are missing something, that I can't see.
A: If the bag of sand falls and impacts the ground while doing no work and exchanging no heat with the surroundings, the system is thermodynamically isolated. The Helmholtz free energy of this system is:
\begin{align*}
A = U-TS
\end{align*}
Taking the differential
\begin{align*}
dA = dU-TdS-SdT
\end{align*}
It's a condition of the problem that the temperature remains constant and so $dT=0$. For any spontaneous change in the state of the system, we know also that $dA\leq0$ must be true after impact. Then substituting these
\begin{align*}
0\geq  dU-TdS
\end{align*}
After rearranging and integrating
\begin{align*}
\Delta S\geq  \frac{\Delta U}{T}
\end{align*}
The change in the internal energy is due both to the loss of gravitational potential energy, and possibly any added changes due to the creation of crystal defects or fractures in the sand grains. 
\begin{align*}
\Delta U =   mgh+\Delta U_{fractures}
\end{align*}
For example, $\Delta U_{fractures}$ would be non-zero if fractures released residual strain energy that was locked inside of the lattices of crystalline sand grains.  If no residual strain energy was released, then 16.5 J/K would be the minimum possible entropy change (driven only by the gravitational potential energy change.)  
There are a number of ways additional entropy could manifest itself in the bag of sand without increasing the temperature.  The entropy would then be latent rather than sensible. 
For example, 16.5 J/K is a very small change in the entropy of a 50 kg bag of silica sand. The bulk specific entropy (J/(gK)) of a silica crystal is less than the specific entropy of the surface of a silica crystal (J/Kcm^2). If the impact pulverizes the sand into dust of a smaller average grain-size, this would increase the surface area of the sand, and slightly increase the entropy of the sand in the bag.
Another possibility, if this is a bag of wet sand, is the impact could cause some silica to dissolve into the pore fluid.  The entropy of mixing of a solute into solution is always positive.   
