# $Z_2$ symmetry breaking in XXZ model

I have a question about an statement that is said in the paper Entanglement and spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum spin models (Phys. Rev. A 68, 060301(R), (2013)). It is related to the XXZ model in 1 dimension, given by

$$$$H_\text{xxz} = \sum_{\langle i, j\rangle} -[\sigma^x_i\sigma^x_j + \sigma_i^y\sigma^y_j] + \Delta \sigma^z_i\sigma^z_j.$$$$

In that article it is said that this system presents $$U(1)$$ symmetry (which I understand as the Hamiltonian commutes with $$S_z = \frac{1}{2}\sum^N_i\sigma_i^z$$), and also that ''a global $$\pi$$ rotation about the spin $$x$$ (or $$y$$) axis is also a symmetry ($$Z_2$$).

My question is related to this last symmetry. If I perform a rotation around the $$x$$ axis, for instance, then I should make the change $$\sigma^y_i \rightarrow -\sigma^y_i$$ and $$\sigma^z_i \rightarrow -\sigma^z_i$$ over the previous Hamiltonian (and as the transformation it is global, over each site $$i$$), which leaves it invariant. However, in this article is also said that for values of $$|\Delta| \geq 1$$, this symmetry can be broken in one dimensional systems, which is something that I don't see quite clear, as according to the previous transformation, the change in sign is independent of $$\Delta$$. So I don't know if the transformation that I have described for the $$Z_2$$ is incorrect. Can somebody help me?

## 1 Answer

As the title of the paper suggests, this is a spontaneous symmetry breaking. That is, it is not at the level of the Hamiltonian (which remains symmetric) but rather at the level of the state of the system. Just like in the 2d Ising model, or in many magnets - the Hamiltonian describing the system is symmetric, and therefore there are two degenerate ground states for example (in the 2d Ising model - all the spins pointing "up" or all of them pointing "down"). However, below some temperature, the system "chooses" one of the states over the other, and breaks the symmetry spontaneously. The fact that such phase-transitions (which are non-analytic behavior of the system) can happen is something that concentrated a lot of theoretical work in the previous century. It is dependent on taking the thermodynamic limit of system size to infinity, which introduces this non-analytic behavior.

One formal way to examine if a symmetry is broken spontaneously is to add a symmetry breaking term and then send it to zero while taking the size of the system to infinity, in the proper order. In your example, it will entail $$H(\eta) = -\sum_{i,j} \left[\sigma^x_i \sigma^x_j + \sigma^y_i \sigma^y_j + \Delta \sigma^z_i \sigma^z_j\right] + \eta \sum_i \sigma^z_i$$ and then examine the magnetization per spin when the proper limits are taken $$m_z = \lim_{\eta\to 0^+}\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{1}{N}\sum_i\langle \sigma^z_i\rangle$$ this is done in the paper you are referring to, as can be seen in the lower part of Fig.2 for example (I looked at the arXiv version of it)

• Thank you very much for the answer, I think I got it. Can you recommend some review papers or books related to spontaneous symmetry breaking? In the book "Introduction to Many-Body Physics" by Piers Coleman it gives some insight in chapter 5, but I would like to learn a little bit more. – Khal_Rhaegarys Jan 17 '20 at 11:54
• oh there are many books and review. I wouldn't know which to recommend. Basically any book or review on phase transitions should cover it – user245141 Jan 17 '20 at 11:57