# Why does the load cause a moment around the support point in column buckling?

Here is a picture from Wikipedia, a free body diagram used to derive the maximum load in Euler's buckling theory. The moment is calculated around point A. It is claimed that the load $$P$$ causes a moment $$Pw$$ around point A, but why is this? In the left picture above, we can see that the load $$P$$ is applied directly towards point A without offset. As the vertical distance from the point is zero, shouldn't the moment be zero?

I understand that the same force $$P$$ is also present on the top of the buckle. So let's consider a similar situation:

We could imagine the rectangular arch to be any semi-circular object. If we push the ends (marked with the arrows) with equal forces, we have equilibrium in the x-direction. But is there a net moment around either end here? I think not. I tried this in real life with several objects and the ends simply bend towards inside, no rotation. So what is happening in the buckling case? Why is there a moment from the force $$P$$, if its distance is actually zero from the horizontal line?

Your example won’t really test whether there’s a moment at A, as your finger forms a free joint there.

Try bending a shape that runs along the left arrow, up, over, back down, and then out along the right arrow. Pushing in on the ends will then show how a moment appears that acts to bend the new joints.

I think the best way to analyse a compressive loaded column is to suppose that it is already buckled, and see if it stays buckled for a small decrease of the load.

For an horizontal beam, of length $$L$$, supported at both sides, with a concentrated load at the centre, the deflection at the centre is a function of the applied momentum, that is a function of the force. Any small decrease of the force results in a small decrease of the momentum, that results in a small decrease of the deflection. And the new equilibrium is reached.

For a buckled column of the same length, loaded in compression with a force $$F$$, the deflection $$d$$ at the centre is also a function of the momentum $$M$$, but $$M$$ depends on $$F$$ and $$d$$.

Suppose that we decrease $$F$$ by a $$\Delta F$$, and we want to calculate the new equilibrium state by an iterative method:

The momentum is now $$M = (F-\Delta F)d$$.

But $$d$$ is a function of the momentum and is now smaller by a $$\Delta d$$.

The momentum is then now: $$M = (F-\Delta F)(d-\Delta d)$$, what leads to a smaller $$d$$ and so on.

If the iteration converges to a new smaller $$d$$, the initial situation is stable. But if the initial $$d$$ is smaller than a threshold, it is possible that the iteration doesn't converge.

That threshold is the smallest stable $$d$$ value. And that corresponds to the force $$F$$ limit for buckling.

Of course I did not proof that such a threshold exists, it is only a conjecture to explain intuitively why there is a specific $$F$$ value to start buckling.