Photon-electron absorption probability From an article on Wikipedia:

For an electron to transition between two different states, (...), it must absorb or emit a photon at an energy matching the difference in the potential energy of those levels

Lets consider scenario when we have an atom with some electron in its ground state and a photon with matching energy (exactly enough to excite our electron) encountering that atom.
Questions are:


*

*Theoretically: do we have 100% absorption probability here?


I realize that many factors might be missing, so another version of this question is: "How physicist can correct my scenario to explain how we could (or why we could not) theoretically have 100% absorption probability?".


*Practically: I assume that we can not know the state of electron before the measurement. Therefore, the state of electron must be uncertain (being in a superposition of states). However, can we somehow prepare our electrons in a lab (so they will occupy only its ground state) to actually produce "100% absorption probability"?

 A: There are cross sections that one can measure or compute for an atom. That cross section can be expressed as an area. If that is close to $\pi r^2$ of the atom, I suppose you would call that a probability of 100 %. (But for example neutron absorption cross sections can be much larger than the size of a nucleus.)
Here some data for photoionization: 

Image source
PS: See also this answer about the amount of light absorbed by graphene (a single layer of carbon atoms).
A: Probability is a function, mathematically the same for quantum states and for classical states.
Take the probability curve for a dice to come up face, 1,2,3,4,5,6 (top left)

The curve is normalized to 1, i.e. your 100%. You cannot get a probability 1 , In general a probability 1 means a sure thing, and in a quantum mechanical probability, a stable state.

Lets consider scenario when we have an atom with some electron in its ground state and a photon with matching energy (exactly enough to excite our electron) encountering that atom.

Let us take the possible energy levels of the hydrogen atom:

It is only in the n=1 level that an electron has a probability of 1, and the atom is stable.
If a photon impinges on the atom with energy the energy difference to higher lines, there is a calculable probability for the electron to be excited to the higher level, a distribution. It cannot be 100% because of the nature of probabilities and the nature of quantum mechanical scattering amplitudes.
In general though, electrons bound in atoms do not scatter independently, it is the whole atom that transitions in energy levels, and may decay back to the ground state by emitting characteristic photons, in the above example the spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
