# If voltage represents an energy difference between two points, why don't electronic appliances all use the same amount of energy?

As I understand it, voltage is an energy difference between two points.

$$V_f - V_i = - \int \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{s}$$

But consider a toaster and a refrigerator each using their own 120V outlets. They don't use the same amount of energy right? Why?

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR:

I understand the electric potential difference causes charges to flow through the wires. During this process, the energy can be used in a variety of ways. For instance to power a motor or to heat up coils. But by the time the charge has traveled from one point to the other, hasn't it use the same amount of energy by definition of the voltage difference? Also I know

$$V=IR$$ $$I(t) = \frac {dq}{dt}$$

So I recognize that, depending on the resistance, two circuits with the same voltage could have very different currents. but current is not a measure of energy, correct? Voltage is about the amount of work required to move a charge from one area to another.

So why wouldn't a toaster and a refrigerator both use the same amount of energy to function?

The voltage $$V$$ across a device represents the energy difference per unit charge between the input and output. The amount of energy that a device consumes in a given period of time is the voltage drop $$V$$, times the amount of charge that has crossed the device. The energy used per unit time (the power) is the current $$I$$ (charge per unit time) passing through, $$P= VI.$$

What you want is power. The rate at which work is done. For example, I could, eventually, push a car up a hill. Or I can just drive it up the hill. In either case, if the car starts and stops at rest, the energy put in is exactly the same. It's just $$mgh$$, the change in potential energy of the car. However, I would push the car up the hill much slower than the engine and internal workings of the car. The car can provide much more power than I can. i.e. the car is literally more powerful.

The same is true for electric appliances. Power is given by $$P=IV$$. Since you have already established that these appliances operate at the same voltage, the more powerful appliances draw much more current (and it's this current that you get charged for in your electric bill). The rate at which work is done depends both on the work performed per charge (voltage) as well as how many charges you are doing work on over that time (current). Hence you need to include both voltage and current.

As I understand it, voltage is an energy difference between two points.

The potential difference, $$V$$, between to points is the work required per unit charge to move the charge between the two point. So voltage is not "energy difference" between two points, but the energy required per unit charge to move charge between the two points.

But consider a toaster and a refrigerator each using their own 120V outlets. They don't use the same amount of energy right? Why?

Correct. Because the power they each use is the product of the voltage (Joules per coulomb) times the in phase current (coulombs per second) that each draws from the voltage source, which equals energy per second (joules/sec or power in watts). Multiplying that times the time in hours that each is in operation, gives you watt-hours of energy consumed.

For a toaster, whose load is primarily resistive, the product of voltage and current is power in watts. For a refrigerator, whose voltage and current are not in phase, the real power will be less as it is $$P= VI cos θ$$ where $$cos θ$$ is the power factor. Which one uses the most energy depends on the real power of each and the time each one operates.

So I recognize that, depending on the resistance, two circuits with the same voltage could have very different currents. but current is not a measure of energy, correct?

Correct. Current is a measure of charge (coulombs) passing a point per unit time (seconds). That is not energy. Voltage is a measure of the work (energy) required per unit charge to move the charge between two points (joules per coulomb). Multiplying the two we get:

J/coul x coul/sec = J/sec = power (watts). Multiplying that times the amount of time in seconds we get the total energy delivered in Joules.

So why wouldn't a toaster and a refrigerator both use the same amount of energy to function?

Actually a toaster uses more power (watts, or Joules/sec) than a refrigerator. A typical pop up toaster uses between 800 and 1500 watts of power. The power of a typical domestic refrigerator is only between 100 and 200 watts. The difference is the toaster is used, maybe, 15 minutes (1/4 hr) every day. While the refrigerator is cycling on and off 24 hours a day. According to one web site over a full day a refrigerator is likely to use around 1 to 2 kilowatt hours of energy. A high power consuming 1500 watt toaster operated 1/4 hour each day will consume 0.375 kilowatt hours of energy per day, making its energy consumption less than the refrigerator.

Hope this helps.