Why does surface area not matter when calculating pressure I can not understand why the surface area that atmospheric pressure is acting upon does not matter when calculating pressure.
For example look at the water jug below with 2 openings, one small and one big.

The atmospheric pressure per cm2 is the same on both sides. However, since one hole has less surface area and the other has more surface area does that not mean that the total force being exerted on the bigger hole is bigger than the other? If that is the case, why does the water not shoot out of the smaller hole since the total force on the hole to the right is bigger?
I think my problem is that I am thinking of pressure in terms of weight, which is wrong perhaps. I imagine the above image as like a seesaw, where the right is heavier therefore the left should rise up but that is obviously not the case. Why is it not the case?
The same question worded differently would be: Why is the surface area of the mercury exposed to the air in a mercury barometer not taken into equation?
 A: You have to imagine there is, on top of each holes, a very long air cylinder with a weight given by
$$W=\rho V = \rho A h$$ where $V=AH$ is the volume of the cylinder, then rewritten as height time area, and $\rho$ is the density of air.
So the pressure on each hole is $W/A$ i.e. $$p=\rho h$$ and $h$ (the height of the cylinder, which is the same in both case and is as high as the atmosphere [neglecting several atmospheric effects, as you can imagine...])
This means that, as you say, the weight of air on top of each hole is very different (because it depends on the surface $A$) but the pressure does not as the weights is distributed over different surfaces, i.e. the bigger weight (right hole) is distributed over a bigger surface.
For the same reason, considering now water cylinders inside your apparatus,  a small volume of water "in the middle" will be in equilibrium if water is pressing on both sides with the same pressure and that happens when the height $h_w$ of the water is the same on both sides.
A: Because in terms of pressure per square inch or centimetre, the pressure is the same, and gravity ensures that water always finds its own level. Look at it this way: the surface of the ocean covers many trillions of square inches. Now stick a vertical pipe into the ocean with a bore of slightly more than one inch, so that the area of the water surface inside this pipe is exactly one square inch. The surface of the ocean adds up to trillions of square inches, each with 14.7 lb of atmosphere bearing down on it. The total pressure on the ocean surface therefore adds up to billions of tons, while the pressure on the surface confined within the pipe you have inserted is a mere 14.7 lb. According to your reasoning, the billions of tons total atmospheric pressure acting on the ocean surface should send a jet of water thousands of metres into the air from your pipe, which only has 14.7 lb to resist it. Since this is clearly absurd, you have proof that adding up the total pressure on the many square inches of ocean surface will lead you to false conclusions, so the only pressure that matters in both cases is the pressure per square inch, centimetre, foot or whatever unit you care to use.. 
A: You are confusing weight, force and pressure and they are not the same thing. 
Pressure is force on a small "control area". 
Force is the force over the WHOLE area.
Weight is a force.
Pressure is force per some area.  Pounds per square inch (psi).
SO...
With 1 pound per square inch and: 


*

*With 1 square inch you have 1 pound of force.

*With 2 square inches you have 2 pounds of force.

*With 10 square inches you have 10 pounds of force.
But all of these still have only 1 pound on ONE square inch.
So put a 10 pound weight on the big end and a 1 pound weight on the small end and they can balance.
OR push on the small end with 1 psi and you get a force of 10 pounds pushing out on the big end.
P.S.  Yes, the water is pushing upward against the air pressure otherwise there would be movement.   Replace the air with the same weight of a piston and everything must still balance with no movement...
