In a circuit having one resistor why do the electrons lose all their potential energy across that resistor and not do so if there are many resistors

Question

In a simple circuit which consists of a battery and one resistor, why do electrons lose all their potential energy across this one resistor regardless of the magnitude of the voltage or the resistance? Why is the voltage drop of this one resistor equal the voltage of the battery?

If there is more than just one resistor in series then in the first resistor happens a voltage drop which is not equal to the voltage of the battery. The electrons don't lose all their potential energy across the first voltage. it seems that the resistor knows that there is another resistor after it so it doesn't eat all the electrons' potential and leaves some potential for the next one. Why does this happen?

Answer 1

It has to do with the definition of electrical potential, or voltage. The potential difference $V$ between two points is defined as the work per unit charge required to move the charge between the two points with units of Joules/coulomb.

As charge Q moves through resistance connected to the terminals of a battery the battery does work of $QV$ to move the charge between the terminals against the electrical resistance of the circuit, and the charge loses potential energy in the form of heat dissipated in the resistors.

For the same voltage across the battery terminals$^1$, the same amount of work will be done and the same loss of potential energy will occur, regardless of the number of resistors connected in series across the terminals. If you have multiple resistors in series, the same total loss in potential energy will simply be divided up among the resistors in proportion to the voltage drop (drop in potential) across each resistor.

The above said, the amount of resistance between the terminals does affect the rate of loss of potential energy for a given voltage (rate of work done per unit charge, or power). The greater the resistance, the lower the rate .

you said "For the same voltage across the battery terminals, the same amount of work will be done and the same loss of potential energy will occur, regardless of the number of resistors connected in series across the terminals" I know that this is true but why how can this be true ?

Maybe it will help if I give you a gravitational potential energy analogy. You know that the difference in gravitational potential between two points depends only on gravitational potential (gravitational potential energy per unit mass),or $gh$ where $h$ is the vertical distance between the points. The difference in electrical potential energy depends only on the electrical potential, $V$, between the two points. Let the atmospheric air consist of air "resistors" between two vertically separated points. Let these air "resistors" be analogous to our electrical resistors.

Now Let's say an object is dropped from some altitude above the surface of the earth greater than a height $h$ and it encounters air resistance. By the time it reaches a height $h$ let's say it has reached its terminal velocity due to air friction and its velocity becomes constant, like the average drift velocity of charge that defines current. Let the acceleration due to gravity be a constant, $g$. At the height $h$ its gravitational potential energy is $mgh$. Think of the air between this height and the ground as now constituting a series of resistors. For each fraction of the total height the object falls it encounters an equal fraction of the total resistance, until it reaches the ground and all of its potential energy is lost (to air friction and kinetic energy(which later dissipates into heating up the ground and sound)).

As an example, call the total air resistance between $h$ and the ground $R_{air}$. Let it consist of two resistors, $\frac{R_{air}}{4}$ representing the resistance falling a height $\frac{h}{4}$ and the second resistance be $\frac{3R_{air}}{4}$ for the final falling height of $\frac{3h}{4}$.

In this example the loss of potential energy in the first air "resistor" is $\frac{mgh}{4}$ and the loss of potential energy in the second "resistor" is $\frac{3mgh}{4}$ for a total potential energy loss of $mgh$. The total loss of potential energy is dissipated as heat due to air friction.

How does the first air "resistor" know that there is a second air resistor so that it does not "eat up" all the gravitational potential energy? It doesn't, nor does it need to. The loss of gravitational potential energy depends only on the difference in gravitational potential between two points and it doesn't matter what is between the two points. If there were no air, the loss in gravitational potential energy would be the same. The difference is that loss will equal the increase in kinetic energy of our object rather than be dissipated as heat due to air resistance.

Hope this helps.

Answer 2

Formally, this is called Kirchoff’s current and voltage laws.

But you asked why this happens. What mechanism is it that make sure that the current behaves this way?

Imagine that current goes through the first resistor of two, and then stops before going through the second. This means that charge is building up at that intermediate point. That means the voltage there, hence the voltage across the second resistor, will increase. That voltage will drive more and more current (Ohm’s law) through that second resistor.

This process automatically stabilizes, with the charge on that point not changing, when the current in equals the current out: the current in both resistors is the same.

At that point, the intermediate connection has exactly the right voltage for everything to balance: charges lose the right amount of energy in the first and second resistor for everything to balance.

For most circuits, this happens so incredibly fast that we just consider the adjustment to be instantaneous. It’s only in very special cases (fast signals, very high resistance or large wiring) that it has to be considered at all. Usually Kirchoff’s Laws work so automatically well that we don’t think about it.

Answer 3

The voltage drop across an ohmic resistor is given by Ohm's law:

$$V=IR$$

Therefore, for a set resistance the potential drop is determined by the current. So really, your question about adding a resistor becomes Why does adding a resistor to the circuit decrease the current flowing through the circuit?

For resistors in series, the total resistance of the circuit increases as you add more resistors. This makes sense if you thinking of adding resistors in series as just adding a longer section of the circuit that resists the flow of current$^*$ More resistance means less current, which means less potential drop across each resistor.

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$^*$ Note that for resistors in parallel the argument is not the same. It's not true in general that adding a resistor to a circuit increases the overall resistance in the circuit. This answer is only concerned with your specific series example.

Answer 4

First, let us go over what electric potential means. The electric potential of an electron is defined as the energy that would be needed in order to bring this electron to its present location from a distance of infinity. This means an electron has a higher electric potential when it is close to a large amount of other electrons (it would take more energy to overcome the repulsive forces of all these electrons in order to bring our electron to them).

Now, let us take the case of a circuit without any resistors. It consists solely of a battery and a wire.

Initially, all the electrons in the battery are at the negative end of the battery, and there are no electrons in the positive end of the battery. This means the electrons at the negative end of the battery all have a very high electric potential, and there is no electric potential to speak of at the positive end of the battery.

As an electron moves along the circuit (away from the negative end of the battery and toward the positive end), its electric potential decreases, because it is moving further from the concentrated area of electrons.

Since the circuit has no resistors, the current in the circuit is very high, so the electrons lose their potential very quickly.

Now, let's consider the case where we have one resistor in our circuit. Remember that the resistor is made of a less conductive material than the wire, so an electron cannot move as quickly through the resistor.

In the diagram above, the white circles represent the electrons in the wire at their initial state (before the battery is connected). The red circles represent the electrons a moment after the battery is connected to the wire.

When the electron closest to the negative end of the battery moves, it causes the next electron to move as well (because of the repulsive forces between electrons). This creates a cascading effect.

However, electron A in the above diagram cannot move as much (in the same timeframe) as all of the electrons behind it. As a result, electron A will be closer to all the electrons behind it than it was before. Hence, it repels these electrons more strongly.

Now, since the repulsive force an electron exerts on another electron decreases with distance, it is clear that those electrons that are closest to electron A will be slowed down the most and those that are furthest will be slowed down the least. Since the electrons that are in the front (meaning electron A and those that are slightly behind it) are the ones that are moving the most slowly, the electrons will start bunching up a bit near the entrance of the resistor.

Now, the electrons that are situated between the negative end of the battery and the "entrance" of the resistor will experience a strong repulsive force both from the battery and from the electrons that are bunching up at the resistor. This causes the electric potential of these electrons to increase (a greater repulsive force has to be overcome). As a result, the electric potential of these electrons is now higher than if there was no resistor.

Hence, when an electron moves from the negative end of the battery to the resistor, it loses less potential that it would otherwise have lost if there was no resistor (since it moves from very high potential to still pretty high potential, rather than very high potential to medium potential).

On the other side of the resistor, electron B cannot move as much as the electrons in front of it. Hence, electron B will be farther from these electrons than it was before, so its repulsive force on these electrons decreases. As a result, electrons will do the opposite of bunching up upon exiting the resistor.

Now, the electrons situated between the "exit" of the resistor and the positive end of the battery will experience a very weak repulsive force from the electrons near the "exit" of the resistor. They will also experience a strong attractive force to the positive end of the battery. This causes the electric potential of these electrons to decrease (strong attraction, weak repulsion --> less work has to be done). As a result, the electric potential of these electrons is now lower than if there was no resistor.

As the electrons continue to move toward the positive end of the battery after exiting the resistor, their electric potential continues to decrease (as they are moving closer to an attractive area and further from a repulsive area) until it reaches about zero.

Hence, when an electron moves from the resistor to the positive end of the battery, it again loses less potential than it otherwise would have lost if there were no resistor (since it moves from pretty low potential to very low potential, rather than medium potential to very low potential).

In summary, this is what happens when we add a resistor to a circuit: the resistor doesn't allow electrons to lose as much potential as they would otherwise when moving through the wire. As a result, an electron loses the vast majority of its potential when it moves through the resistor (as it goes from a region where electrons are bunching up toward a region where electrons are spreading out).

What if we add another resistor next to this resistor? It is easy to see that this would cause the current through the circuit to be even lower. As a result, electrons will bunch up LESS on the "entrance" side of each resistor (after a few electrons bunch up on the entrance side, their repulsive force will cause the electrons behind them to slow down enough that less bunching ultimately occurs). As a result, an electron won't have as high of a potential near the "entrance" of the resistor or as low of a potential near the "exit" of the resistor, so it will experience a smaller change in potential while moving through each resistor.

Answer 5

It's simply due to energy conservation. What does a battery? It uses its own internal chemical stored energy to create potential difference across its terminals and when it's terminals connected to the circuit it potential energy goes to electrons and if there is a resistor attached to the circuit. then first what resistors do in the circuit? They dissipate the energy of electron which comes from a potential difference of battery terminals. Hence if there only loss of energy can happen by a resistor is that circuit is isolated then energy provided battery is equal to the energy dissipated by resistor for which potential drop across the total resistance is equal to the potential difference across battery terminals. It's nothing but KIRCHOFF'S LAW.