Definition of Vector In a book on General Relativity that I am reading, it defines a vector as an object or array of numbers that transforms like a vector (under rotations). I understand that under rotation $\theta$, a vector $\vec{p}_1 = (p_1, p_2)^\intercal$ transforms as 
$$
\vec{p}’ = R(\theta)\vec{p} = 
\begin{pmatrix}
p_1\cos\theta + p_2\sin\theta\\
-p_1\sin\theta + p_2\cos\theta
\end{pmatrix}
$$
However, then he gives an example of an array of two numbers $\vec{p} = (ap_1, bp_2)^\intercal$, where $a\neq b$ as something that is NOT a vector, but this confuses me. How can you show this is not a vector from the action of the rotation matrix on it? Wouldn’t it just multiply as another other vector does under a rotation? There must be something simple here I’m missing. 
 A: Let's not call the column with the same name as the vector $\vec{p}$. So we have two objects,
$$\begin{align}\vec{p} &=(p_{1}, p_{2})^{T}\\ s(a, b) &= (a\,p_{1}, b\,p_{2})^{T},\end{align}$$
where the components of the vector $\vec{p}$ transform according to the equation you indicated and I assume $a$ and $b$ are scalars (so they don't change under a rotation; let's say they are just the temperature and pressure at the spatial point in question). 
Now let's see how $s$ transforms, assuming its transformation is inherited from the transformations of the $p_{1}$ and $p_{2}$. We have
$$s'(a, b) = \begin{pmatrix}a\left( p_{1} \cos(\theta) +  p_{2} \sin(\theta)\right) \\ b\left(-\, p_{1} \sin(\theta) + p_{2} \cos(\theta)\right)\end{pmatrix}.$$
Now $s(a, b)$ deserves the name "vector" if it transforms as a vector, which would require
$$s(a, b) \longrightarrow \begin{pmatrix}s_{1} \cos(\theta) + s_{2} \sin(\theta) \\ -s_{1} \sin(\theta) + s_{2} \cos(\theta)\end{pmatrix},$$
where $s_{1}$ and $s_{2}$ are the components of $s(a, b)$. You can see this is possible if and only if $a = b$. 
