What kind of energy gravitates, and why?

Question

When listing energies for the purposes of keeping track of conservation, or when writing down a Laplacian for a given system, we blithely intermix mass-energy, kinetic energy and potential energy; they are all forms of energy, they all have the same units, and so this looks OK. For example, in the LHC, turning kinetic energy into new particles of mass-energy is routine. We just converted "energy which does not gravitate" (kinetic energy) into "energy which does gravitate". Isn't it a bit peculiar that this same thing called energy can manifest into two different kinds of forms - those forms which gravitate, and those which do not?

How about potential energy? It would be of course ridiculous to calculate your potential in relation to the galactic centre and expect that huge (negative, by convention) quantity of energy to gravitate; and yet if we allow its conversion into kinetic energy, and thence into particle creation, lo and behold we end up with something that does gravitate.

We know that the massless photon gravitates, because it can be "bent" around a star, per GR. A photon also expresses energy in the form E = p c. So clearly finite rest mass is not a requirement for certain forms of energy to gravitate.

So what's the rule here? When does energy gravitate, and why? Isn't it all supposed to be "just energy"?

Then there's the flip side of the equivalence principle - inertia. Do fields have inertia? - they do gravitate, so if they possess no inertia, doesn't that break EEP?

Answer 1

This is a topic many get confused on. Energy(more specifically, the energy-momentum tensor, but in non-relativistic cases, the momentum is negligible compared to the energy aka rest energy + kinetic energy) is what gravitates, NOT mass, a common misconception. If fields carry energy(such as electromagnetic fields), then they gravitate.

ALL types of energy(the non-potential forms, at least) gravitate. According to General Relativity, the current widely accepted theory of gravitation, gravitation is coupled to the energy momentum tensor, which basically includes all forms of energy including contributions from momentum, pressure, rest energy, stress, and kinetic energy. However potential energy is not included in the energy momentum tensor so is non gravitating. So take your example, in LHC, the 'kinetic energy' does gravitate and the mass also gravitates, so there's no change in 'degree of gravitationess'. Note that on such small scales, gravitation is so small that its highly negligible.

Now, I don't think it would be meaningful or is aware of any general definition of inertia for fields, so I suppose it doesn't exist. Answering your question: an equivalent formulation of the EEP is that on local scales, acceleration is indistinguishable from gravitation. As long as the field behaves this way, then it doesn't break the EEP.

Answer 2

I'm guessing you're asking about what is included in the $T_{00}$ element of the stress-energy tensor. If so, potential energy in the form of pressure or shear stress go into the $T_{11}$ to $T_{33}$ entries. Kinetic energy is a bit more complicated. It does go into $T_{00}$ because that contains the particle energy:

$$ E = \sqrt{p^2c^2 + m_0^2 c^4} $$

but it also goes into the other entries because associated with the kinetic energy is a momentum flux. The Wikipedia article on the stress-energy tensor explains how to calculate it for an isolated (moving) particle.

Re your last question: massless particles can carry momentum (photons do) if this is what you mean by inertia. You obviously can't assign them a mass using Newton's first law because they always travel at $c$ so you can't accelerate them.

Answer 3

The generator of the gravitational field is the "stress-energy-momentum" tensor $T^{\mu\nu}$, whose components are energy $T^{00}$, co-momentum $T^{0j}$ and co-stress $T^{ij}$ [*]

By symmetry considerations, anything with a non-zero $T^{\mu\nu}$ will feel gravity. In the non-relativistic limit co-momentum and co-stress vanish and energy reduces to $mc^2$, which explains why masses appear in a non-relativistic description of gravity.

All energies contribute to gravitation. I do not know why you believe that kinetic energy "does not gravitate". In fact, the kinetic energy of a photon $E = pc$ is responsible for the light bending effect.

Inertia is an ill-defined term and I cannot answer to your last question without knowing what you mean by inertia.

[*] Many references do not care about dimensions and refer to "momentum and "stress".

Answer 4

We need to realize that radiation has mechanical attributes in the form of momentum and energy(as derived from the momentum), as well as the electrical attributes in the form of an electric field and a magnetic field(as derived from the electric field). When we trap radiation between two mirrors, we have a rest-energy and hence a rest-mass.So rest-mass is trapped momentum/energy.

Elementary particles are trapped and circulating energy/momentum. Momentum is conserved whether moving along as in radiation or circulating as in a particle- like the electron. This then results in the inverse square for gravity and electricity as shown in Bertrand theorem. So gravity and the electric field, or mass and charge, are only a result of energy condensing into elementary particles- like in an electron.

The intrinsic spin, magnetic dipole moment, and the Zitterbewegung clock are all the result of the condensation. These newly created particles can further be trapped inside bigger structure- like the proton. If the constituents move internally at very high speeds, their energy will greatly contribute to the rest-mass of the larger particle- and could form a large part of it- as is the case with the quarks inside a proton.

The proton would also gravitate, and according to its rest mass- as per the same logic given above.The potential energy of the internal constituents and in general also, does not gravitate, mainly because it doesn't carry momentum- shown above to be the source of gravitation and electrification. In any case, the potential energy is a complementary quantity to the kinetic energy, as there is a fixed relation between the two- for a fixed total energy- as given by the virial theorem.