As you infer, the capacitance of an object determines that ratio of charge separation to the voltage associated with that separation: $$\frac{Q}{U}=C$$ using the same symbols as in the question. If $Q=0$, then $U=0$, but $C$ is non-zero.
The ability of a device to hold charge depends on the mechanical structure and geometry of the device, and the resulting potential difference between the locations of separated charges is proportional to the charge.
For two parallel plates, the ratio, geometrically, works out to $$C= \epsilon\frac{A}{d}. $$ Two conducting parallel plates, charged or not, have this capacitance. On the other hand, the capacitance of two concentric spherical shells is related not to an area, but to the product of the radii of the shells, $a$ and $b$, $ a < b $:
$$C=4\pi\epsilon\frac{a b}{b-a}$$
If we expand the outer shell to infinity, and leave the inner shell at radius $a$, we get that a single spherical shell has a capacitance of
$$C=4\pi\epsilon a.$$
So, the answer to your question is "maybe". For the concentric spherical shell, it doesn't depend on the area in the formula, but on the product of the radii, which has area units. But one might conceptually think of $4\pi a$ as the area divided by the radius.
But the geometric formula you give for the capacitance is only directly applicable to parallel-plate capacitors.