On the dimensionality of the Hilbert space for a central potential So, we have that for particles in a central potential, the wavefunction can be expressed as:
$$\psi(\mathbf{x})=R(r)Y^m_l(\theta,\phi)$$
Explanation (not crucial in the question):

 $Y^m_l(\theta,\phi)$ are spherical harmonics (functions associated to the eigenvalues of the orbital angular momentum $\mathbf{L}^2$ and one of the components of $\mathbf{L}$). And $u(r)=rR(r)$ satisfy the following form Schrödinger equation: $$Eu(r)=-\frac{\hbar^2}{2\mu}\frac{d^2u(r)}{dr^2}+\left[V(r)+\frac{l(l+1)\hbar^2}{2\mu r^2}\right]u(r)$$ Source: Weinberg, S. (2015). Lectures on Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316276105

My question is:

In this case what is the dimensionality of the space $\mathcal{H}$ of the solutions?

On the one hand, the solutions in the particular case of the Hydrogen atom are products of Laguerre polynomials and Spherical Harmonics, which can be identified using the quantum numbers $n, l, m$, thus the states are linear combinations of $\varphi^m_{n,l}$, a countable set:$$\psi=\sum_{n,l,m}C_{n,l,m}\varphi^m_{n,l}$$
On the other hand, as functions, the $\psi(\mathbf{x})$ can be thought of as linear combinations of the position basis $\delta(\mathbf{x})$, since there are as many $\delta(\mathbf{x})$ as there are $\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{R}^3$, this set is uncountable: $$\psi=\int_{\mathbb{R}^3}d\mathbf{x}\:C(\mathbf{x})\delta(\mathbf{x})$$
This baffles me since on the one hand we have that the basis is countable ($\aleph_0$-dimensional) and on the other the basis appears to be uncountable ($\aleph_1$-dimensional*). Clearly they can't both be right.
*assuming that the continuum hypothesis holds.
 A: As noted in a comment and acknowledged by the OP, 
the answer has already been explained in this post:
Hilbert space of harmonic oscillator: Countable vs uncountable?
I'll just list a few key points to 
help put the answer in perspective: 


*

*Quantum field theory, and all of its various useful approximations
(like nonrelativistic single-particle quantum mechanics),
always uses a separable Hilbert space. By definition,
a separable Hilbert space has a countable basis.

*All infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert spaces
are isomorphic to each other — meaning
that as far as their abstract Hilbert-space structure is concerned,
they are all the same.
This unique Hilbert space can be constructed
in many different-looking ways. Different
constructions are useful in different models.
One construction, especially useful
in nonrelativistic single-particle quantum mechanics,
involves representing
vectors in the Hilbert space as 
functions $\psi:\mathbb{R}^3\mapsto\mathbb{C}$,
and then the inner product of $\psi$ with itself is
represented by the integral of $|\psi|^2$.
This is the construction used in the OP's question.

*If $|\psi\rangle$ is any vector in a Hilbert space,
the inner product of $|\psi\rangle$ with itself
is a well-defined (finite) real number.
Therefore, the function $\exp(i\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{x})$
does not represent any vector in 
the Hilbert space, even though it can be useful
as a computational device.
The same comment applies to
the "function" $\delta(\mathbf{x})$.
This resolves the paradox that was described in the question.
The Hilbert space has a countable basis that
suffices for constructing all other 
vectors in the Hilbert space.

*The inner product of $|\psi\rangle$
with itself is not zero unless $|\psi\rangle$ itself is zero.
In particular, the inner product of the difference $|a\rangle-|b\rangle$
is not zero unless $|a\rangle=|b\rangle$.
Therefore, two functions that differ from each other
only on a subset $\subset\mathbb{R}^3$ of measure zero
both represent the same vector in the Hilbert space.
This is nicely explained in tparker's answer to
the question linked above.
