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Near Field Communication (NFC) operates at 13.56 MHz.

Near Field is the region situated at a distance r << λ

λ = c/f

c = 299 792 458 m/s in the vacuum.
f = 13.56 MHz = 13.56*10^6 Hz

λ = 299.8/13.56 = 22.11 m

Of this distance, the Reactive Near field is commonly considered λ/2π. For NFC, this would be 3.51 m.

So where do the 20 cm come from?

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    $\begingroup$ I think it's better suited for electronics.SE, but see my answer below. $\endgroup$
    – sigrlami
    Nov 12, 2012 at 20:44
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    $\begingroup$ @Sigrlami You might be right. I didn't know there was an electronics SE. If any moderator wants to migrate the question I'm fine with it. $\endgroup$
    – Mister Smith
    Nov 13, 2012 at 8:33
  • $\begingroup$ Technically physics support almost every engineering discipline.=) FAQ says: Physics Stack Exchange is for active researchers, academics and students of physics and astronomy. As for me, your question stands on the edge between physics and electronics. $\endgroup$
    – sigrlami
    Nov 13, 2012 at 10:08
  • $\begingroup$ I think that this question is a good fit here on Physics (look at the detail on antenna design in Sigrlami's answer), but on the OP's request I'm going to ask the electronics mods if they want it. $\endgroup$
    – dmckee --- ex-moderator kitten
    Nov 13, 2012 at 13:39
  • $\begingroup$ @dmckee It really could be either site, and it has a decent answer here. It is not my ideal, nothing seems to be pointing out that near field is a function of the antenna design, not of the wavelength used, but I dont think EE would give a better answer either. $\endgroup$
    – Kortuk
    Nov 13, 2012 at 19:07

2 Answers 2

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Corresponding wavelength is 22.11 meters long, but we want also to emit our EM waves into the environment. This means if we get a nice half-wave dipole antenna we would need it about 11 meters in length, $\lambda/2$. Which is quite large for mobile device.

Ok, lets reduce size by using quarter-wave antenna as in WiFi, based on ideas of quarter-wave impedance transformer, and we get 5.53m, $\lambda/4$, which is still unacceptable from size perspective.

Maybe, we should use another antenna type? First thought to use antenna for smartphones is to use a loop antenna on the phones rim.

Theory

Maybe, we should not only switch kind of antenna, but idea of emitting data to environment. And here comes RFID antennas, as a kind of loop antennas. Note, NFC is totally based on advances in area of RFID.

Two different RFID design approaches exist for transferring energy from the reader to the tag: magnetic induction and electromagnetic wave capture. The two designs make use of these approaches and are called near field and far field:

Near field RFID
Near field RFID uses magnetic induction between a reader and a transponder. While an RFID is generating a magnetic field in its location, it passes an alternating current through a reading coil. If an RFID tag with a smaller coil is placed within range of the reader, the alternating voltage appears across it and the magnetic field is affected by data stored on the tag. The voltage is rectified and powers the tag. As it is powered, the data are sent back to the reader using load modulation.

enter image description here Far field RFID
Tags using far field principles operate above 100 MHz, typically in the >865–915 MHz range up to 2.45 GHz. They use backscatter coupling operating principles. In far field the reader’s signal is reflected and it is modulated to an alternating potential difference in order to transmit data. The system’s range is limited by the energy transmission sent by the reader. Due to advances in semiconductor manufacturing, the energy required to power a tag continues to decrease. The possible maximum range increases accordingly enter image description here Near Field Communication (NFC): From Theory to Practice, by Vedat Coskun

Calculations:

loop

We are interested in near field, so consider magnetic field produced by a circular loop antenna:

$$ \ B_z = \mu_0*I*N*a^2/2(a^2+r^2)^{3/2} \ , $$ where $I$- current, $r$-distance from the center of wire, $\mu_0$ - permeability of free space and given as $4\pi*10^7$ (Henry/meter), $a$-radius of loop

The maximum magnetic flux that is passing through the tag coil is obtained when the two coils (reader coil and tag coil) are placed in parallel with respect to each other.

An optimum coil diameter that requires the minimum number of ampere-turns for a particular read range can be found from previous equation such as:

$$ \ NI = K*(a^2+r^2)^{3/2}/a^2 \ , \ K =2*B_z/\mu_0 $$ By taking derivative with respect to the radius a, $$ \ d(NI)/da = K *3/2*(a^2+r^2)^{1/2}*(2a^3) - 2a*(a^2+r^2)^{3/2}/a^4 = K(a^2-2*r^2)(a^2+r^2)^{1/2}/a^3 $$ the above equation becomes minimized when: $$ \ a = \sqrt{2}*r $$

The result indicates that the optimum loop radius, $a$, is 1.414 times the demanded read range $r$.

In detail you can read this with complex equations for spiral loops and different sizes of loop.

And consider that 20cm read range will yield loop 28.8cm, which is more acceptable for tablets than phones.

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  • $\begingroup$ Nice answer. However, for the typical working range of about 4 cm, loop radius should be 5,7 cm. So the phone width should be 10 cm or more. That's quite a lot for most phones. Maybe tha antenna is not a simple loop? $\endgroup$
    – Mister Smith
    Nov 13, 2012 at 8:30
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    $\begingroup$ @MisterSmith As I mentioned in the end with link, practical antennas are more complex spiral loop antennas. I used simple loop for explanation purposes. Spiral loops can reduce size significantly, but reveals different parameters with more complex equations.Image $\endgroup$
    – sigrlami
    Nov 13, 2012 at 9:56
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    $\begingroup$ This is a very interesting question, since new ePassports are using a 4 loop rectangular antenna with W=~7.6mm x H=~4.6mm. How would that affect the calculations above? $\endgroup$
    – not2qubit
    Apr 21, 2015 at 13:54
  • $\begingroup$ @user1147688 you should specify country of origin. EU bio-metric ePassports use RFID chips that placed in contact scanner, this allows to create RFID tag extremely small and probably operates at different frequencies $\endgroup$
    – sigrlami
    Apr 21, 2015 at 14:28
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Near Field Communications is nothing to do with Near Field - somebody with a vague memory of physics (or someone searching wiki) thought it sounded cool.

The distance limit is due to the chip (when used in a card rather than a phone) is powered inductively by the reader. Roughly inductive power works well when the range is comparable to the size of the antennae coil in the reader.

ps. 20cm is a bit optimistic, that's several antenna diameters. A range of 3-4cm, roughly one diameter, is more realistic.

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  • $\begingroup$ The 20 cm is a theoretical distance that has to come from somewhere. If it is not the near-field then what is it? I'd like to read on the calculations that lead to this number. $\endgroup$
    – Mister Smith
    Nov 12, 2012 at 16:46
  • $\begingroup$ @MisterSmith there isn't a fixed limit to inductive power, but it falls off very strongly with distance so 20cm is a rough limit, probably 1% or 0.1% or somethign arbitrary $\endgroup$
    – Martin Beckett
    Nov 12, 2012 at 16:53

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