# Why are there no vertical normal compressive stresses when a horizontal beam has a vertically applied load?

In a beam with a a single vertically applied load and a single vertical reaction force, as well as a reaction moment, for example, this one:

We would typically consider the normal stress ($$\tau_{xx}(x,y)=\frac{Fxy}{I}$$, where $$I$$ is moment of inertia of the beam vertical cross-section) due to the moment, and the shear stress ($$\tau_{xy}(y)=\frac{FQ}{It(x,y)}$$, where $$Q$$ is the first moment of area between $$y$$ and the neutral axis, and $$t(x,y)$$ is the thickness of the beam at the point) due to the force, when calculating the effective stress at any point in the range of the beam. We could then, for example, use these stresses to develop an effective stress, $$\sigma'$$, when determining the factor of safety due to the applied loading.

Why don't we also consider a normal compressive stress $$\tau_{yy}$$ due to the load and vertical support reaction (ie $$\frac{F}{Lt}$$)? Is it just too small to matter, or is there no actual stress in that direction?

• Don't think that your question is entirely clear. OK, '$I$' is the moment of inertia of the beam, but what are $V$ and $Q$ and $t$? Where is the zero of the y-axis? Where in the beam do your normal and shear stresses ($\tau_{xx}$ and $\tau_{xy}$) refer to? Does $\tau_{yy}$ also refer to the same location?
– user93237
Oct 13, 2018 at 22:36
• Sorry @SamuelWeir; I assumed these were well-known equations for which I didn't need to define the components. I'll edit to clarify.
– Ian
Oct 15, 2018 at 3:15

The normal stress in the transverse direction (y in this case) effectively exist, but the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory does not allow cross sectional deformation (it is assumed to be rigid in its own plane); therefore, although it is possible to calculate the transversal stress generated by Poisson's effect, the results would not be accurate since in reality the cross section is not rigid in its own plane.

Most beam theories are inconsistent in the sense that you can always calculate some stress (using the constitutive law) that is associated to a deformation that was assumed to be zero but it is not actually zero, but small. Then you can always ask yourself if having this value is better than not having it.

If you solve the continuum partial differential equations of equilibrium (almost exclusively a numerical method such as finite elements would be required) you can effetively capture the actual normal stress in the transverse direction.

Lastly, the stress you look for is commonly smaller than the normal stress in the axial direction.

• So if I understand correctly, the transverse normal stress is small enough that it can be considered 0? I understand that in most circumstances (ie finding the maximum stress on the beam) it would not be useful to calculate this value, but what about if you're looking to calculate the effective stress (ie Von Mises), which can take into account stresses in all directions? Would this increase accuracy or not help at all?
– Ian
Oct 15, 2018 at 3:28
• If you need to calculate a "good" value for the Von Mises stress then you wouldn't use a beam theory, you should solve the 3D PDE of equilibrium. The Von Mises stress relation will ask you for the stress in the y direction, and you do not have a good value to give if you use beam theory. I hope it helps... Oct 15, 2018 at 3:34
• Do not say the transversal stress is zero; just say that if the beam is slender it is supposed to be small compared to the axial normal stress. Oct 15, 2018 at 3:36