# Lorentz transformation matrix and its meaning in Minkowski diagram

I have sucessfully derived the Lorentz matrix for the boost in $x$ direction and its inverse. So I know how to get these two matrices:

$$\Lambda = \begin{bmatrix} \gamma & 0 & 0 & -\beta \gamma\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -\beta \gamma & 0 & 0 & \gamma \end{bmatrix}$$

$$\Lambda^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} \gamma & 0 & 0 & \beta \gamma\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ \beta \gamma & 0 & 0 & \gamma \end{bmatrix}$$

What I lack is a geometrical meaning of those two. I have read, that it is some sort of a rotation, so I have already drawn the Minkowski diagram for steady observer 1 and one for the moving observer 2 as observer 1 sees it. Examples are drawn for $\beta = 0.5$. I have noticed that:

• base cell is a square (picture 1) for a steady observer and a parallelogram (picture 2) for a moving observer
• light travels only diagonals of base cells
• axis $x'$ has coefficient $\beta$
• axis $ct'$ has coefficient $1/\beta$

question 1: Is there a way I can help myself with what I have figured out so far to show, how the Lorentz matrix deforms a square into a parallelogram and vice versa?

question 2: I have heard of the invariant quantity $\Delta s$ in relativity for which I have stumbled upon an equation $\Delta s^2 = \Delta x^2 - c \Delta t^2$. Is it possible $\Delta s$ is an area of a base cell?

question 3: Why is it so necessary for a scalar product to be defined with a minus sign for Minkowski spacetime?

picture 1:

picture 2:

Thank you.

Your questions 1 and 2 can be answered if you consider one more geometrical aspect of the group of the one-dimensional Lorentz bosts and that is the orbit of a single point. In other words, the set obtained by transforming one fixed point, say, (0, 1), by Lorentz boosts of all possible $\beta$'s. If you would apply several transformations successively, this is a trajectory the point would follow and never leave, so we have an important invariant.

You should be getting one arm of a hyperbola with asymptotes given by the boundaries of a light cone. The interval $\Delta s$, measured from the reference point in the origin, indexes the possible hyperbolas: it is their semi-major axis. This helps to understand why $s$ is defined the way it is, its geometrical meaning and its conservation under boosts.

The semi-axis of a hyperbola going through a given point is also one half of its so-called hyperbolic coordinates. The other component is the hyperbolic angle, which, unlike polar angle, can reach any value in $\mathbb R$. Any Lorentz boost is just a shift of the hyperbolic angle—it adds a constant $\kappa$ to the h.a. of any transformed point. This constant can be found in the boost matrix if you rewrite it like $$\begin{pmatrix} \cosh{\kappa} & 0 & 0 & -\sinh{\kappa} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -\sinh{\kappa} & 0 & 0 & \cosh{\kappa} \\ \end{pmatrix}.$$ (This is always possible as $\gamma^2 - (\gamma\beta)^2 \equiv 1$.) All these facts, together with the similarity of the above matrix with a rotational matrix, justify calling boosts "some sort of" rotations in the $(t, x)$ plane.

I'm afraid I will leave your third question unanswered as it is largely philosophical and out of my league. However, you could easily find that if you accept the idea of Lorentz transforms, the special relativistic scalar product is the only choice that fits perfectly into the picture. Most importantly, because it stays invariant with respect not only with boosts, but also all other space-time transforms considered in the SR.

• Thank you. Your anwser looks quite ok, but i don't understand it yet. I have to digest it first and i will report back if there are still some unclarities. – 71GA Oct 21 '12 at 10:05
• One question. What is $\kappa$ in terms of hyperbola? – 71GA Oct 21 '12 at 11:01
• It works as a means of parametrizing points on the hyperbola, namely in your case, the farthest vertex of the parallelogram. Its meaning is depicted in this picture: phil4.com/images/hyperbolic_functions.jpg (called $\varphi$ in the link). The object is filled because $\varphi$ not only serves as an argument to the hyperbolic cosine and sine but also corresponds to the blue area. – The Vee Oct 21 '12 at 14:27
• Is $\kappa$ an area? Is it possible to draw it like a normal angle? – 71GA Nov 3 '12 at 19:03