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For the first step to derive fluctuation-dissipation theorem, I find

$$\langle F(t)F(t')\rangle=2B\delta(t-t')$$

where $B$ is a constant, and $F(t)$ is a random fluctuating force with Gaussian distribution, which is being called white noise.

Why is the average value related to a delta function? How to derive or verify the equation?

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"Why is the average value related to a delta function?"

The delta is indicating that if $F(t) = \mathcal X$, then $F(t+\delta t)$ = a random variable with a Gaussian distribution; no matter how small $\delta t$ is.

In more technical terms, the delta function is the temporal autocorrelation function corresponding to a physical process that has no memory, ie. one "time frame" is completely independent to the next.

And the average is across the ensemble of all possible F(t)s.

"How to derive or verify the equation?"

It is a characteristic of systems without memory. It is an assumption/approximation.

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  • $\begingroup$ Thank you, but what if there is memory effect, how to rewrite and derive $\langle F(t)F(t')\rangle$? $\endgroup$ – kinder chen Jun 15 '18 at 0:41
  • $\begingroup$ In many systems, the memory is well-described by a decaying exponential with a characteristic correlation time, ie. $\langle F(t) F(t´) \rangle \propto \exp(-t/ \tau)$. An example of this is the magnetic field sensed by a spin on a molecule in a liquid (Redfield relaxation theory). In this case, the correlation time is related to the size and shape of the molecule, which determine how fast it rotates and moves around. Another example is the velocity correlation times in a gas, which are very short (10s of picoseconds, sci-hub.tw/10.1103/PhysRevA.40.2860). $\endgroup$ – Gyromagnetic Jun 22 '18 at 21:11
  • $\begingroup$ Deriving these correlation functions from first principles can be done, but it is not a straightforward thing. As an example you can check this out (deriving the velocity autocorrelation function in a dilute hard sphere gas mixture): aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.439801 $\endgroup$ – Gyromagnetic Jun 22 '18 at 21:15
  • $\begingroup$ Thx, I suppose Redfield relaxation theory in NMR you mentioned above has the same physics with the Redfield theory in quantum dynamics, which is up to 2nd order perturbation. In general Redfield has Markovian approx., but it also use an exponential decay memory. A lil bit confused. But I think different model can have different expression for memory kernel. $\endgroup$ – kinder chen Jun 22 '18 at 21:34

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