Equivalent capacitance in series Let two capacitors be connected in series across a potential difference and each stores a charge Q. Then, while deriving equivalent capacitance, why are we considering that the equivalent capacitor will store a charge Q and not 2Q (which is the total charge)?
 A: In a sense a capacitor stores zero charge, even when it's charged, as the charges on its plates are equal and opposite! This might seem a silly pedantic point, but it's relevant to your question. Better to think of the charge that you use in the equation $Q=CV$ as the charge of one sign that flows on to one plate and off the other, that is the charge that seems to flow through the capacitor! 
Now let's apply this to your two capacitors in series. Suppose one capacitor has plates A and B and the other has plates C and D, with B connected to C.
If plate A has a positive charge, Q, then the charges on the plates areA: +Q, B: –Q, C: +Q, D: -Q.
The two plates that are connected together from an 'island'; they have no net charge. 
If the capacitor combination were contained in a black box with just two terminals, one connected to A and the other to D, if charge Q seemed to flow through the box, that is if charge -Q went into one terminal and out of the other, there'd be charge ±Q on each capacitor! 
