Application of the principle of causality to classical electrodynamics

Question

I am reading Griffiths' Introduction to Electrodynamics in which he shows that the retarded and advanced potentials, e.g. the retarded scalar potential

$$ V(\mathbf{r},t) = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \int \frac{\rho(\mathbf{r}',t_r)}{\lvert \mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}' \rvert} \mathrm{d}\tau', \quad t_r \equiv t - \frac{\lvert \mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}' \rvert}{c},$$

are solutions to the inhomogeneous wave equation and satisfy the Lorenz condition. He then rejects the advanced potentials by invoking the principle of causality, stating that it is not unreasonable to believe that electromagnetic influences propagate forward and not backward in time.

I can only imagine that the reasonableness of this belief is rooted in our naive experience of the world as time-asymmetric. However, the time asymmetry that we experience on a daily basis are (at least usually) not due to a fundamental asymmetry in the fundamental laws of physics, like Maxwell's equations (insofar as a classical theory can be fundamental, but to my knowledge QED is also time symmetric), but to the emergent second law of thermodynamics. It is not clear to me that we can use our intuition about macroscopic phenomena to reason about microscopic phenomena, and even if we could, the second law is only probabilistic and would not allow us to reject forward propagation of electromagnetic influences outright and declare them impossible, only conclude that they are unlikely.

Furthermore, I assume that experiments have verified the retarded and not the advanced potentials? If so, then why invoke the principle of causation at all? And more importantly, would this not show a time asymmetry in the laws of classical electrodynamics? I suppose the principle could still considered external to the theory (like the homogeneity and isotropy of space), but at least the application to this particular case would have been shown experimentally to be justified.

So what exactly is it that allows us to apply the principle of causality?

Answer 1

I think you are confusing the concept of causality with that of reversibility: the emergent second law of thermodynamics states that certain events can't happen in reverse, while the principle of causality implies that the cause of an event can't happen before that event. Another way of stating it is saying that information can't travel faster than light, i.e. if event A is the cause of event B, A must fall in the light-cone of B in the Minkowsky space. Reversible processes don't violate causality principle; the fact that they are reversible implies that they are still solution of the equations of temporal evolution even under time reversal transformation, not that this solution is dependent on later time. For what concerns the advanced potential, I once read that there are models that include it (e.g. Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory, but I don'tknow much about it) but it should still respect the principle of causality; that's an important check to see if a theory is valid.

Answer 2

Furthermore, I assume that experiments have verified the retarded and not the advanced potentials?

You can't verify the one and not the other. This is because of how they come about.

Take the simplest case: AC voltage on a big straight wire creates a dipole radiation going “out.” Surely, you say, these are the delayed (or “retarded”) waves with the delayed potentials and not the advanced waves with the advanced potentials. And I agree. “QED,” you say, “experiment proves it!”

Now, wait just a second, experiment didn’t prove anything because you did not give both sides a fair shake! This is why I loved the MythBusters so much, they wouldn't stop at “what did our first experiment say?” but usually tried to go on to “so if we wanted to actually make this happen, what would it take?”

Calculate the advanced wave pattern: it is similar to the delayed wave pattern, but the waves come in from infinity to the dipole and then the dipole absorbs them. So you will want these patterns when stuff is coming in from infinity. So if I am using a satellite dish to radiate a signal out to space, I want the delayed waves. But if I'm trying to catch a signal from space, I want the advanced waves. Sometimes I want a mixture of both; Feynman describes this in his Nobel lecture for example.

Causality is a boundary condition. We are making a statement that before some time (relativistically: outside of some event’s light cone) all of the fields were zero. This boundary condition rules out advanced waves, but there's no experiment which verifies one but not the other because the boundary condition is its own assumption in the model. If the experiment falsifies the boundary condition then you'll just choose a more appropriate boundary condition. So I actively assumed that we were talking about an antenna radiating out into empty space, and not an antenna trying to pick up signals from that space... but if that doesn't match experiment then I will include terms that describe some incident radiation that I was hoping to not deal with.

Answer 3

I do not believe that Maxwell's equations are time symmetric in the following sense: When you restrict yourself to finite size matter and sources then any wave propagation will eventually cause scattering that will involve diffraction around the finite sized bodies. There is no way to reverse these diffracted orders completely with finite size scatterers for they, too, will induce diffraction somewhere, and so on. There will result some "leakage" somewhere that you will not be able to reverse and that minimum leakage related to the geometry of the scatterers/source configuration is a kind of irreversibility in a thermodynamic sense.

Answer 4

You ask for verification of something that it is literally in front of your own eyes at all times. At daytime, the sun you see outside is 100% the 500-seconds-before sun, and 0% the 500-seconds-after sun. At nighttime, the celestial sphere you see is 100% the sky-before, and 0% the sky-after.

"I assume that experiments have verified the retarded and not the advanced potentials?" ... the experiment is to simply go outside and to look up. There is no more clear and dramatic demonstration of what you're looking for than this.

The Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory is a reconstruction of what is required to make this happen starting from the assumption that every charge has, associated with it, a direct action at a distance force that is 50% past-directed and 50% future-directed, and time-symmetric ... as it is only a 50-50 split that can be subject to an action-at-a-distance formulation.

Yet, a 50-50 naive split cannot be assumed as the fundamental law, as this would lead to zero radiation reaction for accelerating charges. The radiation reaction seen for accelerating charges requires a potential that is 100% retarded.

The discrepancy between these two basic facts requires, in the reconstruction, an absorber which receives all the outgoing radiation in the future and back-reacts with past-directed force that just happens to cancel and balance things out in just the right way to get the desired results.

I think there is a very simple explanation for this, which (strangely enough) was sitting right in front of Feynman and Wheeler's noses, but which they totally neglected to notice. It is this: the Universe has a finite past light cone associated with each place and time - due to its finite age. That is, the past-sky is finite in volume. That is true irrespective of whether the universe at "each instant" (i.e. each point in "Cosmic Time" in the Big Bang model) is finite or not.

In contrast, if the universe is expanding forevermore in the future, then the future light cone is infinite or (at the very least) much, much larger than the past light cone and have infinitely much more in it (give or take 10%) than the past light cone does. So, on the grounds of likelihood, there will be many more recipients in the future, filling the future-sky to the brim, to receive radiation; while the past-sky (as you can see outside) is virtually empty all the way back to time 0.

So, there is a deep discrepancy: the past-sky is finite and nearly empty, the future-sky is infinite and filled to the brim. That's the makings of a Wheeler-Feynman absorber. This leaves open the possibility that the 100%-0% effective split, resulting from this, may actually have a tiny bit of leakage and might be something more like 99.99...99%-0.00...01%, which could lead to interesting physics involving the infrequent occurrences of time-reversed causal anomalies.