Rotations of eigenstates of $S_z$ I have a question regarding the rotation of spinors in a spin-1/2 system.
We have a Spin generator $\hat{S}$ for rotations of spinors. 
A rotation around the axis $\vec{n}$ with the angle $\phi$ 
is generated by the operator:
$$
D_{\vec{n}}(\phi) = \exp(-i\phi \hat{S}\cdot \vec{n})
$$
This operator can also be written, for a rotation about $z$ e.g. as:
$$D_z(\phi) = \cos\left(\frac{\phi}{2}\right) - i \sigma_z \sin\left(\frac{\phi}{2}\right)
$$
Here, $\hat{S}_i = \sigma_i/2$ and $\sigma_i$ are the pauli matrices.
$\sigma_1 = \begin{bmatrix}0 & 1 \\
1& 0 \end{bmatrix}$    $\sigma_2 = \begin{bmatrix}0&-i\\ i&0\end{bmatrix}$ and $\sigma_3 = \begin{bmatrix} 1&0\\ 0&-1\end{bmatrix}$
Then we have given two states with a spin into the direction of the z-axis:
$\vert S_z= + \frac{1}{2} \rangle = 
\begin{bmatrix}1\\ 0\end{bmatrix} = \vert {\uparrow}\rangle $
and
$\vert S_z = - \frac{1}{2} \rangle = \begin{bmatrix}0\\ 1\end{bmatrix} = 
\vert {\downarrow}\rangle $
Now my question is:
With which rotation $D_\vec{n}(\phi)$ can the eigenstate $\vert S_x = +\frac{1}{2}\rangle$ be obtained using $\vert\uparrow\rangle $?
How can I calculate that?
 A: The simplest way to think about it is by thinking of spin as a classical vector.  
What kind of rotation would take a vector completely along $\hat z$ to the $\hat x$ axis?  Clearly, this would be a rotation in the $xz$ plane, i.e. a rotation about $\hat y$.  
The same argument will work for spin.  You might care to reflect on the relation between the classical angle and the angle of rotation in spin space, remembering that $\vert +\rangle$ and $\vert -\rangle$ are orthogonal vector in spin space but antiparallel in ordinary space.  That’s why $\phi$ is mutiplied by $1/2$ in your expressions.
A: When you rotate spin operators i.e.
$$D_{\vec{n}}(\phi) \cdot (\hat{S} \cdot \vec{m}) \cdot D^{\dagger}_{\vec{n}}(\phi),$$
it is the same as if you would rotate (right-hand) the vector $\vec{m}$ around the vector $\vec{n}$ at angle $\phi$. It is a consequence of algebraic properties of spin operators (they span $su(2)$ Lie algebra). Following this analogy, $\hat{S}_{x,y,z}$ can be pictured as three orthogonal versors of the 3D Euclidean space. If you rotate versor $e_{x}$ at angle $\phi = -\pi/2$ around $e_y$ you will get $e_z$. So, in terms of spin operators:
$$\hat{S}_z = e^{i\frac{\pi}{2}\hat{S}_y} \cdot \hat{S}_x \cdot e^{-i\frac{\pi}{2}\hat{S}_y}.$$
Now your initial state is an eigenstate of $\hat{S}_z$ i.e.
$$\hat{S}_z |s_z=+1/2\rangle = \frac{1}{2} |s_z=+1/2\rangle.$$
If you use previous relation you can write
$$\hat{S}_x e^{-i\frac{\pi}{2}\hat{S}_y}|s_z=+1/2\rangle = \frac{1}{2} e^{-i\frac{\pi}{2}\hat{S}_y}|s_z=+1/2\rangle,$$
and according to definition of eigenstate
$$|s_x=+1/2\rangle := e^{-i\frac{\pi}{2}\hat{S}_y}|s_z=+1/2\rangle$$
