# What is the Fabric of Spacetime? [duplicate]

I always get the analogy of the pretend sun on a piece of cloth pulling everything down such as the image attached below: But What I never really understood is what IS that piece of cloth. Like is it some sort of invisible force field or something? Sorry if I sound a little crazy, I only recently started reading a little bit of popular physics (fabric of the cosmos).

There isn't one. Probably the reason why this whole "fabric" thing was brought into existence was to attempt to make it possible for laypeople to visualize the fact that "spacetime geometry" is not something set in stone but something that is dynamical.

But while we identify gravity with spacetime geometry, the concept of a "spacetime geometry" is a mathematical concept pertaining to what is called Riemannian geometry.

In simplest terms, consider euclidean space. You can take up a cartesian coordinate system in euclidean space, the coordinates are called $x,y,z$. Because these coordinates are orthogonal and we have Pythagoras' theorem, if we have a displacement of coordinates $\Delta x,\Delta y, \Delta z$, then the square of the distance travelled during this displacement is $$(\Delta s)^2=(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2+(\Delta z)^2.$$

Because finite displacements like this won't work in curvilinear coordinates, we can also take this formula with "infinitesimal" (infinitely small) displacements: $$ds^2=dx^2+dy^2+dz^2.$$

Assume now that you introduce a curvilinear coordinate system $u^1,u^2,u^3$ (the superscripts are simply indices numbering the coordinates, NOT exponents this time). This means that you give your cartesian coordinates $x,y,z$ as a function of the new coordinates $u^1,u^2,u^3$: $$x=x(u^1,u^2,u^3) \\ y=y(u^1,u^2,u^3) \\ z=z(u^1,u^2,u^3).$$ To ensure that this defines a well-defined coordinate system, we demand that these functions are sufficiently differentiable, that they are invertible (eg. that inverse functions $u^i=u^i(x,y,z)$ exist), and the inverse functions are also differentiable sufficiently.

What is the square of the displacement belonging to coordinate displacements $du^i$? Well, $$dx=\sum_{i=1}^3\frac{\partial x}{\partial u^i}du^i,\ dy=\sum_{i=1}^3\frac{\partial y}{\partial u^i}du^i,\ dz=\sum_i\frac{\partial z}{\partial u^i}du^i,$$ so $$ds^2=\sum_{i,j=1}^3\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial u^i}\frac{\partial x}{\partial u^j}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial u^i}\frac{\partial y}{\partial u^j}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial u^i}\frac{\partial z}{\partial u^j}\right)du^i du^j=\sum_{i,j=1}^3g_{ij}(u)du^idu^j,$$ where I have named the quantity in the bracket as $g_{ij}(u)$.

As you can see, the square of the infinitesimal displacement corresponding to the infinitesimal displacement of the coordinates $du^1,du^2,du^3$ is a quadratic form of the variables $du^i$, which roughly means that it is a second-degree, homogenous polynomial of them.

Of course, we know that it is possible to bring the "line element" $ds^2=\sum_{i,j=1}^3g_{ij}(u)du^idu^j$ into euclidean form $ds^2=dx^2+dy^2+dz^2$ via a coordinate transformation, because that's how we started!

Buuuuuuut, we can ask the following question - we define an $n$-dimensional space by giving some system of coordinates in it, $u^1,...,u^n$. We also state that if we make a displacement of the coordinates $du^i$ ($i=1,...,n$), then the actual displacement in this $n$-dimensional space is given by $$ds^2=\sum_{i,j=1}^ng_{ij}(u)du^idu^j,$$ so, then we can ask the question is it possible to find a coordinate transformation, which brings $ds^2$ into the form $ds^2=(dx^1)^2+...+(dx^n)^2$?

As it turns out, in general, it is not possible to do so. In that case, we need to conclude that the geometrical space defined by the coordinates $u^i$ and the line element $ds^2=\sum_{i,j}g_{ij}(u)du^idu^j$ has a geometry that quantitatively and qualitatively differs from the geometry of euclidean space.

While there are subtle differences (we need to specify some conditions on $g_{ij}$ such as nondegeneracy and positive definitness, and in relativity, instead of positive definitness we have a "Lorentzian signature"), this is essentially how we define curved spacetime. We let $g_{ij}$ be reasonably arbitrary.

What is then referred to as "the fabric of spacetime", is simply the geometrical structure given by $g_{ij}$, which, as you have now seen, is malleable and variable, by changing $g_{ij}$. But this is simply mathematics, that is shown by observations that produces an accurate description of gravity, nothing else. There is no literal "fabric".

• This answer is incorrect. While heavy objects do curve spacetime, gravity is caused by the curvature of time only. The curvature of space does not cause gravity. From Wiki: "in space-time, the curvature of space has nothing to do with gravity (the 'curvature of time’, one could say)." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_wormhole - Because time is one-dimensional, the curvature of time and therefore gravity can be accurately visualized with a "rubber sheet" analogy where the diagram represents the gravitational time dilation in the cross section of the system by a plane through the center. – safesphere Aug 13 '18 at 4:08
• @safesphere Your comment is incorrect. There is no such thing as "curvature of time" and "curvature of space". There is only the curvature tensor $R(X,Y)=\nabla_X\nabla_Y-\nabla_Y\nabla_X-\nabla_{[X,Y]}$. – Bence Racskó Aug 13 '18 at 18:38
• I see. So there is no such hing as "energy" or "momentum"; there is only the energy-momentum tensor. There is no such thing as "the electric field" or "magnetic field"; there is only the electromagnetic field tensor. And of course there is no such thing as "space" or "time"; there is only spacetime (along with its curvature). Thanks for your insight. – safesphere Aug 13 '18 at 19:39
• @safesphere Oh please. Go ahead, define the curvature of "time" for me. – Bence Racskó Aug 13 '18 at 20:06
• i already have in my original comment above. – safesphere Aug 13 '18 at 20:12

The "fabric" you are asking about is the speed of time. Everything moves in time, but if the speed of time is different, then the motion is no longer straight and trajectories become curved. Why do things fall down in Earth? Because time there moves slower. Tragectories are always curved to where time moves slower. So the depth of how much the "cloth" in your picture is pulled down is how much the speed of time is slowed down near the heavy objects.