# What would happen if you put your hand in front of the 7 TeV beam at LHC?

Some speculation here:

Is there a possibility it would pass 'undetected' through your hand, or is it certain death?

Can you conclude it to be vital, or only loose your hand?

Would it simply make a small cylindrical hole through your hand, or is there some sort of explosion-effect?

Assume your hand has a cross section of 50cm², and a thickness of 2cm, how much of the beam's energy would be transferred to your hand?

A mis-steered beam at CEBAF simply cut a hole thought the niobium wall of the cavity and flooded half the accelerator with helium (super-conducting cavities need a liquid helium jacket to work...).

We were down for more than a week.

That is an electron beam machine, and very high current (up to $400\,\mathrm{\mu A}$!), so the details would be rather different than the LHC beam.

Likewise, about $60\,\mathrm{\mu A}$ of $5.5 \,\mathrm{GeV}$ beams from that machine partially melted one of my iron targets (thick enough that about 6% of the beam interacted with the target) despite a raster spreading the beam over roughly $2\,\mathrm{mm}^2$, because we didn't have good enough thermal contact with the water-cooled frame of the target ladder.

High energy, high current beams can carry a lot of power.

Back to the question as asked:

Treat your hand as water. The particle data booklet puts the energy loss per proton at around $2.5\,\mathrm{MeV/g/cm}^2$ or something like $4$–$8\,\mathrm{MeV}$ though your hand, depending on how chubby you are. (We're only a few orders of magnitude above the minimum ionization energy, so this is not very sensitive to the actual beam energy.)

Phillip says $1.2 \times 10^{11}$ protons per beam in the ring, about 11,000 passes per second ($3.0 \times 10^8\,\mathrm{m/s} / 27\,\mathrm{km}$), so $1.3 \times 10^{15}$ protons per second is $8 \times 10^{15}\,\mathrm{MeV/s} = 1300\,\mathrm{J/s}$ is a fair bit of heat, and results in heating of about $300\,\text{K/s/(cubic cm exposed)}$. To finish up here we will have to know something about the beam diameter.

Your reflex time to move your hand is on order of $0.1$–$0.2$ seconds.

It's going to hurt: you will get badly burned, and the damage will extend though the whole depth of the exposed flesh, rather than being limited to the surface as with the contact burns we are all familiar with.

• 400 µA is a very-high beam current? It seems like many synchrotron light sources operate in the hundreds of mA. – Nick T Dec 14 '11 at 20:18
• @NickT: Well.....uhm....it's high current when you are taking the beam on target instead of harvesting the photons, anyway. – dmckee Mar 19 '12 at 21:03
• Ah, makes sense – Nick T Mar 19 '12 at 22:32
• the reflex time of 0.1-0.2 seconds is much larger than the time it takes for the beam to do one turn (which is about $90 \mu s$), once protons interact with the hand, most of them will not make another turn (the beam blows up in the transverse direction), i.e. the reaction time is slow enough to absorb one beam entirely. $1.2 \cdot 10^{11}$ is more the number of protons per bunch, of which there are up to 2808 per beam (see here which would give $3.4 \cdot 10^{14}$ protons per beam. – Andre Holzner Dec 4 '14 at 19:39
• @AndreHolzner Hmmm .. good call on the beam loss. Don't know why I didn't see that. It's going to drop the total energy considerably, though I don't think it changes the conclusion too much; less damage, but still significant and all the way through. Aside: the $10^{11}$ is protons in the ring, not per bunch (and it's a number I took from a commenter as I didn't know it). I suspect that it's gone up a bit since 2011. – dmckee Dec 4 '14 at 21:54

Well, there is the unbelievable story about a guy who actually put his head in a proton beam, the Russian scientist Anatoli Petrovich Bugorski. This happened at the U-70 synchrotron, near Moscow at the Institute for High Energy Physics.

But the thing is, is that he actually didn't feel any pain. He did suffer from epyleptic attacks and damage to his skin and brain. Citing from:

What would happen...?

Bugorski was leaning over the piece of equipment when he stuck his head in the part through which the proton beam was running. Reportedly, he saw a flash “brighter than a thousand suns”, but did not feel any pain. The beam measured about 2000 gray when it entered Bugorski’s skull, and about 3000 gray when it exited after colliding with the inside of his head.

To be clear, a gray is the unit of absorbed energy, and 1 gray equals 1 Joule/kg. For comparison, CT scans work in the ~50 mGy range and radiation therapy in the ~50 Gy range. The bizarre thing is, if you're exposed to >5 Gy it's usually lethal. But that applies to usual radiation, gamma radiation. The effect of a proton beam is less known.

The protons in the beam can be accelerated up to ~70 GeV, which is 1/2000 of the LHC range. There's also the beam luminosity, which is a measure for the number of particles flying through a unit area per unit time. The LHC can reach 10^34 1/(cm^2 s^2) and the U-70 about 10^32 1/(cm^2 s^2). So the most naive estimate would be an increase of 10^3 - 10^5 of the radiation dose -- but that's more like an upper bound.

It won't destroy your hand or blast it off. But the effects of radiation are quite severe, and you will end up with a mutant hand.

• The radiation density was so high that his brain cells didn't have a chance to mutate - they just burned. – gigacyan Jan 21 '11 at 15:53
• Mutant hand is unlikely. The organism has natural mechanisms against mutation, and mutated cells kill themselves. What is expected are severe burns. – Anixx Jan 29 '11 at 12:29

Each bunch of protons circulating in the LHC at full power will have about 120 billion protons of 14TeV each, i.e. $1.6 \times 10^{24}$ eV which is about 250000 Joules. Compare that with a high powered rifle bullet carrying 1000 Joules or a small grenade that releases 600000 Joules.

But how much of that energy will be released in your hand? It is said that the protons at the LHC can penetrate 10m in copper so many will go through 2cm of flesh without losing much energy. This means the destructive energy released in the hand could be just 1/1000 of the total in the beam, so it might be like being hit with a small bullet.

I think it will still be enough to do a lot of damage. It will also be in the form of high energy radiation which is going to spread out from the impact point. It's difficult to be sure how much energy will convert to different forms such as heat and blast, and in which directions, but whatever way it goes I think there will be a lot of initial damage and the radiation after effects will also have the potential to be fatal.

One last edit: It might be worth mentioning that they can circulate up to 2800 of these bunches at once, so it might be more like being hit by 2800 small bullets in a fraction of a second.

Edit: question was changed from 14TeV to 7TeV for correct LHC beam energy, so use half the numbers above

• Energy loss is not much above minimum ionization, so circa 6 MeV per proton (or about 1 millionth the beam energy). – dmckee Mar 6 '11 at 1:58
• So beam energy = 250 kJ. One millionth deposited in the hand = 0.25 J. 2,800 beams gives 700 J. Like a super-high velocity air-rifle pellet. – Nigel Seel Mar 30 '11 at 13:40
• However, the hand would have to be in vacuum (how did it get there?) and once the beam had hit the hand it would lose focus and the remnants would mostly scatter into the LHC walls downstream (how popular would that make you?) ... The beam would be dissipated before you had a chance to move the hand significantly so it's unlikely that your hand would be sliced in half. – Nigel Seel Mar 30 '11 at 13:43
• The design number of bunches is 2808 per beam (see here and $1.15\cdot 10^{11}$ protons per bunch ($3.2 \cdot 10^{14}$ protons per beam), you'll get 362 MJ per beam (at 7 TeV beam energy) – Andre Holzner Dec 4 '14 at 19:24

What Gibbs said (+1), except that because the beam is highly relativistic, the probability of radiation being sent in directions other than down the beam line is very low. You can see this by looking at the problem in the center of mass reference frame for a typical collision. Because special relativity increases the mass of the protons in the beam, the center of mass of the collision products will still be moving at nearly the speed of light.

Basically it will drill a painful hole in your hand, something less than 1mm in diameter, depending on how its focused. The LHC beam dump takes a beam 0.3mm in diameter. For the effects of lower energy proton beams, see http://www.aapm.org/meetings/09PRS/documents/Flanz_AAPM_Final.pdf

By the way, the reason those physicists in the youtube didn't have realistic answers is because they were thinking on their feet. I think this was an ambush question.

• Here: backreaction.blogspot.com/2009/11/… is some reading about a C12 beam therapy center opened in heidelberg about a year ago. Including comparison of a proton to a C12 beam in tissue. – Georg Jan 29 '11 at 18:13
• Because the hand is not a static target I'd expect more than a hole. – Helder Velez Mar 6 '11 at 11:56

Back in the 1970s there were some researchers who put seeds in a beam path to see what would happen. The plants which grew from the seeds were deformed. One would have to look this up to get the details.

If you put your hand in the LHC beam one question is what would hurt the most; the damage due to high energy particle slamming into nuclei in your hand, or the high velocity shoe mark you would get on your butt. A reasonable amount of the beam energy would be deposited in your hand, where primary damage would be from nuclei blasted to bits from the protons and secondary radiation from that. You would have radiation damage. However, I suspect it would be comparable to getting a radiation does from a synchrotron source. Most damaged cells would die, those which are mildly damaged might have genome changes which could lead to transformed cells, maybe even runaway cell growth. Runaway cell growth in somatic cell lines is what we call cancer.

In 2003, there was an accident in the Tevatron similar to what is being asked here. One of the CDF Roman Pots went inadvertently down into the beam. It actually just touched the halo because, I guess, everything shut off automatically after that. I remember seeing some pictures back then... you may want to google it.

It will look much like having placed am arm in a laser beam. I once gave blood for analysis and the medic used a laser penetrator to get the blood rather than a needle. It was quick and without any pain, the skin cells evaporated in a moment.

• No, the burn would be nothing like a laser burn. Laser light is fully absorbed in the skin, but a TeV proton beam would penetrate all the way through your hand and out the other side without even getting attenuated significantly. – Keenan Pepper Mar 6 '11 at 4:10