# Help in an integration step in QFT by Lewis H. Ryder

There is an integration step I can not figure out and is frustrating.

We start from the equality $$\dfrac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial x^2} = \dfrac{\partial V}{\partial \phi}$$ and by integration process we are supposed to get (eq. 10.8 in the textbook): $$\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{\partial\phi}{\partial x}\right) ^2 = V(\phi)$$

Maybe I'm just overcomplicating it but I can not understand how this is done.

$\phi =\phi(x,t)$ but for this case $\dfrac{\partial\phi}{\partial t}=0$ and $\phi$ approaches zeroes of $V(\phi)$ when $x\rightarrow\pm\infty$.

Then my idea was to integrate by $d\phi$ both sides to get the RHS of eq. 10.8 and for the LHS I tried integrating by parts using $$d\phi=\dfrac{\partial\phi}{\partial x}dx$$ but got no success yet, and also the fact is that I don't even think what I'm doing is correct since is $V(\phi)$ and not $\phi$ what tends to zero when $x\rightarrow \pm \infty$.

Any help would be appreciated

• Just so I'm clear on what you are asking; are you struggling to see how you can get from $\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x} \right)^2 = V(\phi)$ to $\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial x^2} = \frac{\partial V}{\partial \phi}$ using calculus? – Rumplestillskin Jun 21 '17 at 1:29

Another possible way which might be more clear for you is to do the following:

Begin with

$$\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial x^2} = \frac{\partial V}{\partial \phi}.$$

Multiplying the above by $\partial \phi / \partial x$ and moving $\partial V/\partial \phi$ to the other side yields

$$\label{eq:1} \tag{**} \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x} \frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial x^2} - \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x} \frac{\partial V}{\partial \phi} =0.$$

Note: The first expression on the LHS of the above equation can be equivalently expressed as $$\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x} \frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial x^2} \equiv \frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \left( \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x} \right) ^2.$$

Combining the pieces, we can express Eq. (\ref{eq:1}) as

$$\frac{\partial }{\partial x} \left( \frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}\right)^2 - V(\phi) \right) = 0.$$

Hopefully you can take it from here. Note The integration constant is zero according to pg. 393 Lewis Ryder; QFT.

Just think about it as classical mechanics. Relabel $\phi$ to $x$ and $x$ to $t$ for $$\frac{d^2 x}{dt^2} = \frac{dV}{dx}.$$ This is Newton's second law with $m = 1$ and an extra minus sign. Then the result is energy conservation with an extra minus sign, $$\frac12 v^2 - V(x) = E$$ and is proved the same way. Presumably, boundary conditions set $E = 0$, giving the desired result.

• What would the boundary conditions be for $E=0$? – Rumplestillskin Aug 28 '17 at 5:15