# Free energy functions are analytic or non-analytic in phase transitions?

I already saw this Phys.SE post and it seems perfectly reasonable that the free energy describing a system must be a non-analytic function in order to display a phase transition.

An analytic function can be Taylor expanded around the critical point. In a phase transition the derivatives of the free energy are discontinous, so the function can't be Taylor expanded. Hence free energy must be non-analytic.

My question arises because in the Landau theory of phase transitions, he considers that every free energy must be indeed analytic.

So why Landau states such a thing? Also in the paramagnet-ferromagnet phase transition, the discontinuous function is the magnetization, which is not a derivative of $F(M,T)$, but it is said to be a second-order phase transition, why?

• Keep in mind that not all phase transition are created equal. Introductory books usually talk about first order phase transition, but there are other kinds with different properties. Jun 20, 2017 at 17:25
• Let's remember the Laplace's approximation formula $\sqrt{\dfrac{2\pi}{V\left \lvert{f''(\rho_0)} \right\rvert }}\exp(f(\rho_0)V)$. At the point of the phase transition $f''(\rho_0)$ becomes zero, if $f(\rho)$ is a Landau expansion Jul 25, 2017 at 18:29

## 3 Answers

Landau free energy is just an approximation to the real free energy in the thermodynamic limit. For that reason, Landau free energy can be analytic, while the real one is not. Let me show how the approximation works.

As you may know, the Landau free energy is defined in the following way, assuming the Ising model:

$$Z\left(h,T\right)=\sum_{\left\{ s_{i}\right\} }\exp\left(-\beta H\left(\left\{ s_{i}\right\} \right)\right)=\sum_{m}\exp\left(-\beta F_{L}\left(m,h,T\right)\right)$$

where $Z$ is the partition function, $\{s_i\}$ stands for all possible spin configurations, and the sum in $m$ stands for every possible magnetization.

In Landau theory, the critical point the point $m^*$ such that $F_L(m^*,h,T)$ is minimum. Then, note that $\exp\left(-\beta F_{L}\left(m^*,h,T\right)\right)$ is a maximum because of the minus sign. Then, we write

$$\log Z= \log \left [\sum_{m}\exp\left(-\beta F_{L}\left(m,h,T\right)\right) \right ] \geq \log \left [\sum_{m}\exp\left(-\beta F_{L}\left(m^*,h,T\right)\right) \right ],$$

In addition to this inequality, we can get an upper bound to this expression. The sum includes many different values for the magnetization, from -1 to +1; you can convince yourself (this is the hardest part of the demonstration) that if we replace the sum by a product of the $N$ at the minimum configuration, this quantity will be bigger than the original one:

$$\log Z \leq \log \left [N \exp\left(-\beta F_{L}\left(m^*,h,T\right)\right) \right ]$$

Now we almost have it. The quantity is bounded,

$$\log\left[N\exp\left(-\beta NF_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right)\right)\right]\geq\log Z\geq\log\left[\exp\left(-\beta F_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right)\right)\right]$$

$$\log N-\beta F_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right)\geq \log Z \geq-\beta F_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right).$$

Now we use the definition of the real, free energy, $F=-kT\log Z$. Multiplying by $1/\beta$ the expression above, we get that the real, non-analytic free energy, is bounded by the Landau free energy at the minimum:

$$k T\log N-F_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right)\geq -F\left(h,T\right)\geq-\beta F_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right).$$

Then, we change into intensive variables $F_L=Nf_L$ and divide by the number of spins $N$, to get:

$$\frac{\log N}{N}-f_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right)\geq f\left(h,T\right)\geq- f_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right)$$.

Notice that once we do the thermodynamic limit, the term $\log(N)/N \rightarrow 0$ and then we have that $f_{L}\left(m^{*},h,T\right) = f\left(m^{*},h,T\right)$, so in the thermodynamic limit, the analytic Landau free energy is the same as the real one. However, real system have real not an infinite number of spins, meaning that this is only an approximation. In experiments, there is an huge number of spins, and this is why Landau theory works very well, but if you work with little $N$ the difference between the two is noticeable.

About your second question, I think you are confusing things a bit: the transition is second order because the magnetization, which is the first derivative of the free energy with respect to the external magnetic field, is continuous at the critical point. However, susceptibility, which is the second derivative, is not continuous, meaning it is a second order phase transition.

Maybe what confuses you is that Landau theory gives you a piecewise defined function for magnetization. However, you precisely compute $T_c$ by the constraint that magnetization has to be continuous.

Edit: the non-analyticity of the free energy, if I am not mistaken, is respect to the magnetization -but not with respect to the external field $h$.

• I think this is a reasonable enough answer that I need not submit an additional one, but a comment on the interpretation: one helpful way to understand the Landau free energy is as a coarse-grained free energy or coarse-grained effective Hamiltonian, in a real-space renormalization picture, that is at some scale much larger than the microscopic scale but that is not taken to infinity. Two consequences of this are that the Landau free energy can vary in space, and that it is necessarily analytic. This point of view is discussed at length in Lectures on Phase Transitions by Goldenfeld. Jun 20, 2017 at 18:15
• The answer to the first question is very clear thank you. About the second one, I still don't understand why you say that the magnetization is continuous at the critical point. At the critical point $M$ gives a single value, so you can't talk about a continuous function... maybe you wanted to say that the free energy is continuos at a given $T$? Jun 20, 2017 at 20:38
• The magnetization is continuous at the critical point because the value at $T_c-\Delta T$ and the value of $T_c+\Delta T$ is the same in the limit $\Delta T \rightarrow 0$. Take a look to the graph, it is very easy to see that it is continuous; the discontinuity is in the slope, which is the derivative. Jun 21, 2017 at 10:25
• From the graph it is clear, thank you... I think the free energy is analytic in $T$ and $h$ near the critical point Jun 21, 2017 at 15:40

The Wikipedia page is being sloppy. They mean that the free energy density is an analytic function of the mean-field order parameter, whereas at a thermal phase transition the free energy density is a non-analytic function of the temperature (or for a zero-temperature phase transition, of the external parameter being tuned across the transition).

The order parameter is a derivative of the free energy density with respect to a symmetry-breaking external parameter. In the paramagnet-ferromagnet transition, the external parameter is the applied field $h$ that enters in the Hamiltonian as a symmetry-breaking term $-h\ M$, in which case the order parameter $M = T\ \partial f / \partial h$ is indeed a derivative of the free energy density.

• what do you mean by "free energy density"? the same as simply "free energy" or is it something different? Also it is know that there is (spontaneous) symmetry-breaking even without the external field, in such case why is it necessary to include the $-hM$ term in the Landau's free energy and take $M$ as a derivative of $f$? Jun 20, 2017 at 17:28
• The free energy $F$ is extensive in system size, so it is infinity for an infinitely large system. The (intensive) free energy density is $$f = \lim_{N \to \infty} \frac{F(N)}{N},$$ where $N$ is the system size. Jun 20, 2017 at 17:33
• If the free energy is analytic in the order parameter $M$ as you say, then there won't appear the discontinuity at $T=T_c$... Jun 20, 2017 at 17:34
• The location of the minimum of a curve can change non-analytically even if the overall shape of the curve changes analytically with some parameter like $T$. Jun 20, 2017 at 17:36
• Okay, but the free energy density (not the Landau free energy) can be non-analytic as a function of just a single parameter, not only in the construction you've given above (which is indeed how one gets the correct non-analyticity out of the Landau free energy). In particular, the free energy density for an Ising model develops a cusp as a function of H in the thermodynamic limit, something like what is shown here: i.stack.imgur.com/VJUHU.png . Jun 20, 2017 at 20:02

I'll provide one possible answer to your question. I use the language of the Ising ferromagnet/paramagnet phase transition, but this is just for convenience as the same holds much more generally. Assume that the system is below the Curie temperature. Then, the free energy is an analytic function of the magnetic field both when $$h>0$$ and when $$h<0$$. At $$h=0$$, the free energy is not even differentiable, so it is obviously not analytic. This is not the relevant question.

Namely, the real point is whether the free energy can be analytically continued from $$h<0$$ to $$h>0$$. It can be shown that the free energy possesses directional derivatives of all orders at $$h=0$$, that is, $$\frac{{\rm d}^n}{{\rm d}_-h^n} f(\beta,h)\vert_{h=0}$$ exists for all $$n$$, where $${\rm d}/{\rm d}_-h$$ means the left-derivative. Okay, so the question reduces to whether the Taylor series converges in a small disk around $$0$$. This is actually not the case, at least for finite-range models at low enough temperatures: there is no analytic continuation of the free energy beyond the transition point. This result was originally proved by Isakov in this paper. His analysis was restricted to the Ising model, but was more recently extended to a large class of 2-phases models; see the discussion in this paper.

One of the conceptually most interesting consequences of Isakov's result is that the usual description of metastable states as analytic continuation of the free energy across the transition point is incorrect, at least for finite-range interactions (and probably short-range ones too).