How does 'Tear Here to Open' work? Why is it easier to tear there as opposed to anywhere else? What is its physics?
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asked Jun 11, 2017 at 12:02
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6$\begingroup$ yeah, why is it easier to tear along a line of separated holes? How to use mechanics to solve for the fact that is indeed easier this way $\endgroup$– PhyEnthusiastJun 11, 2017 at 12:07
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23$\begingroup$ Consider the perforations as existing tears in the paper, then you're really asking "Why is it easier to tear along tears?" $\endgroup$– Kyle KanosJun 11, 2017 at 12:09
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8$\begingroup$ Yeah I think that is what I am asking $\endgroup$– PhyEnthusiastJun 11, 2017 at 12:16
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8$\begingroup$ Very often it doesn't work. $\endgroup$– Hot LicksJun 12, 2017 at 17:34
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5$\begingroup$ This question brings tears to my eyes. $\endgroup$– TripeHoundJun 14, 2017 at 8:11
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3 Answers
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All the force will be concentrated at the tear (the tip of the tear) if there is one. With no tear, all the material helps to hold itself together — but with a tear, all the force is localized at this tiny point and only a tiny amount of material is responsible for holding on.
The stress at this tear tip (the force per area) becomes huge because the area is very small and it overcomes the strength (the maximum or ultimate stress) of the material. On the illustration below you can clearly see that only a few particles are helping to hold the material together — they carry the whole burden. The colours show the stress distribution.
Were the material flexible and less rigid, the stress would have been spread more out, since the bonds between atoms/molecules would allow some stretching for them to "lean back" on their neighbor atoms/molecules.
This is why a crack propagates very fast in rigid or brittle materials like concrete or glass — a material might be strong and can withstand large forces for a long time, but as soon as a single tiny crack appears, the whole thing breaks in a split second because all the force is suddenly on just one point, which breaks and lets the next point take over, which breaks etc.
The more rigid and brittle the material is, the less flexible and deformable it is, meaning that the material will not absorb as much of the energy but instead have it all concentrated at the crack. This is why glass looks like it almost explodes when cracking — the cracks are propagating at huge speed. Plastic sheets on the other hand will only tear in two if, along the way, you help and localize your force correctly, and you can control the speed. It will also feel warmer at the tearing edges, because energy was absorbed.
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3$\begingroup$ You could say that by "stress" you mean "how strong the material needs to be in order not to break at the specific point." In other words, if your material is only "orange" strong, it will start disintegrating at the red parts. $\endgroup$– yo'Jun 11, 2017 at 23:45
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11$\begingroup$ Note that you can also use perforations to strengthen a material. If you drill relatively large holes, then whenever a tear reaches one of the holes, the stress will get spread out along the whole inside of the hole instead of at a small point. This means that, for instance, all else being equal, a ship made of steel that is welded together is not as strong as one put toghether with nails. Not because the material is different, but because a single crack will split the welded ship in two. $\endgroup$– ArthurJun 12, 2017 at 7:47
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3$\begingroup$ @Draco18s No, the perforations that aid tearing are still narrow with a sharp tip. Round, relatively large perforations make tearing more difficult. You can try this yourself with a piece of paper and a hole puncher. It is noticably harder to continue a tear that goes through a hole like that. $\endgroup$– ArthurJun 12, 2017 at 13:48
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2$\begingroup$ @Arthur I have seen round-hole "tear strips" (primarily stamps) but I'll admit that it's been a while. Also been a while since I've seen a hole punch (definitely don't have one out in my temporary accommodations). But I will agree that circles do distribute stress. I just hit a conflict in mental models and had to check. $\endgroup$ Jun 12, 2017 at 13:52
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4$\begingroup$ Stamps are a special case in that the holes are about as wide as the paper between the holes. This means the stress isn't concentrated at a tip of a tear. Instead, the whole paper bridge between two holes gives way, typically at the narrowest point. $\endgroup$– MSaltersJun 13, 2017 at 7:30
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The other answer answers why the tip of a tear is a weak point, but in my opinion it does not really answer how perforating a material makes a new tear follow the perforation. I'll attempt a small explanation here:
When you apply force to a tear, the tear with propagate somewhat randomly from the tip (depending on the material, of course; for an extreme example, no tailor would ever cut any sizeable length of cloth along the threads, they rip it as this is both faster and more accurate). However, if it started out at the right place (i.e. at the "tear here" mark, or from a hole in the perforation), then the probability that it hits the next hole in the perforation is quite high. Once it does, the tear moves to the end of the new perforation it hit, and starts applying the force there. Once again a tear starts forming and propagates more or less randomly until it hits the next hole from the perforation.
This is also what goes wrong when the perforation fails to guide a tear (which happens on occasion): The tear you're making misses the next hole of the perforation and finds its own way through the material, and if this goes unchecked, the tear can deviate quite drastically from the "tear here" line.
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You can see the holes or punctures as a way to provide the materials in question with a "path of least resistance", along which the tearing proceeds (well, in most cases; when I try to tear off a strip of stamps it happens frequently that the stamps themselves are torn apart, which is why I always make a fold in the little pieces of paper between the holes). Tearing a piece of uniform piece of paper will give a tearing path that's rather erratic (except that the tearing goes from one side to the other side when you move your hands away from each other). But when you puncture the paper in a straight line, the tear will follow this path of least resistance.
Of course, it depends on the material (brittle, solid, elastic, thick or thin, etc.) how to puncture it. Or you can make different holes or punctures for the same material, and find out what way works the best.
You can try to make a wavy line of holes in paper which goes only downwards (if you let the series of holes bend upwards, the path of least resistance won't be the one that goes back up; the tearing paper will proceed erratically downwards, which obviously has less resistance than following the holes back upwards). It's a nice subject to experiment with.
