# How to make use of a diagonal Hamiltonian for calculating expectation value

My model is the following: I have a 1D-lattice with L sites. Each site can be occupied by either one or zero atoms. The Hamiltonian looks as follows: $$H = T\sum(b^\dagger_i b_{i+1} + h.c.) + V\sum n_i n_{i+1}$$

My question is now of a rather basic quantum mechanical nature. I want to make sure what I'm doing is right and that I really understand it. (I'm programming all of this so I want to make sure the reason why my model isn't working doesn't lie on the physical side of things.)

First I've set up the hamiltonian's matrix regarding the Fock states (for example $|010011101001\rangle$): I've created a list of all possible states (there are $2^L$ states since every position can be either zero or one). Say state $|a\rangle$ results in two states, $|a\rangle$ itself and $|b\rangle$: $$H|a\rangle = x|a\rangle + y |b\rangle$$ then I looked at column belonging to $|a\rangle$ and wrote $x$ and $y$ in the lines belonging to $|a\rangle$ and $|b\rangle$ respectively. That way I got my Hamiltonian matrix. (It has block-diagonal form since the total number of atoms is conserved, that means there's a block for each possible total atom number from $0$ to $L$.) Up to this point I have no difficulties.

Now I diagonalize the Hamiltonian. I'm doing this by calculating its eigenvectors and eigenstates (since it has diagonal block form I can do this for each block separately, minimizing the calculation time). Next I plot the expectation value of some $\hat n _i$ operator against energy (using a scatter plot) with $i$ lying somewhere between $1$ and $L$. (The $\hat n _i$ operator on a Fock state returns the state itself with an eigenvalue of the occupation number of the site $i$, so $\hat n _2 |011\rangle = 1\cdot|011\rangle$ and $\hat n _2 |001\rangle = 0\cdot|001\rangle$.)

Now comes the part where I'm not sure on how to proceed. How do I calculate the expectation value, i.e. $\langle \hat n _i \rangle$, and how do I calculate the energy? I've got the eigenstates in a representation of $2^L$ dimensional vectors, where each line corresponds to a specific Fock state (the first line is all lattice places empty the last line is all filled and those in between have some other occupational setup. That means I have the eigenvectors in the basis of my possible Fock states. How do I now calculate the expectation value?

I know that the eigenvalues are the energies corresponding to my eigenvectors but I don't know how the operator affects the eigenvectors, so my idea was to decompose the eigenvectors in my Fock basis so if I for now just call my different Fock states by the number of it's corresponding line in the Hamiltonian, and my eigenstate looks for a example like $(x,y,z)$ then I decompose it into $$(x,y,z) = x|1\rangle + y|2\rangle + z |3\rangle .$$ Since I know how my operator acts on the Fock states I could now calculate the expectation value by just the dot product between the old $x,y,z$ eigenvector and the new, changed eigenvector. I could also just calculate the Fock states' energies but since this problem scales up very fast this wouldn't be computationally feasible, I think, and one also wouldn't make use of the diagonalization.

I'm really not quite sure if this is correct, and if this is really how one makes use of the diagonalized Hamilton, maybe someone can shed some light on my problem and explain if my approach is correct or where my faults lie.

I'm assuming that by saying "I've diagonalized the hamiltonian", you have obtained the full set of eigenvalues $E_k$ as well as the eigenvectors $$|E_k\rangle = \sum_{a=0}^{2^L-1} A_{k,a}|a\rangle,$$ where $|a\rangle$ are the Fock states. In this case, your question

how do I calculate the energy?

is trivial: the energy, in the state $|E_k\rangle$, is just the eigenvalue $E_k$.

Where you do need to do some additional number-crunching is in the calculation of the site-number expectation values $\langle E_k|\hat{n}_i|E_k\rangle$ for each of the energy eigenstates. From a linear-algebra perspective, you need to take the matrix product between the row vector representation of $|E_k\rangle$, the matrix representation of $\hat{n}_i$ in the Fock basis, and the column vector representation of $|E_k\rangle$. The first and the third are easy - you already have them - and the second is also easy: it is the diagonal matrix that takes $|a\rangle=|a_1a_2\cdots a_{L}\rangle$ to $a_i|a\rangle$.

It might help to be a bit more prosaic: assuming that you've normalized your state down to unit norm as $$\langle E_k|E_k\rangle = \sum_{a=0}^{2^L-1} |A_{k,a}|^2=1,$$ the $i$-th number expectation value is simply the sum $$\langle E_k|\hat{n}_i|E_k\rangle = \sum_{a=0}^{2^L-1} a_i|A_{k,a}|^2.$$ This does involve some nontrivial number-crunching, since there's a lot of states, but it should be essentially free when compared to the bulk of the numerics embodied in the diagonalization procedure. You can say that this doesn't make use of the diagonalization, since the calculation is being done on the Fock basis, but that's sort of missing the point - you're using the $A_{k,a}$, which are precisely the outcome of the diagonalization procedure.

• Thanks for the quick answer, this also reproduces what i would have calculated with my (x,y,z) vector, but does this also mean, that the fock states are orthonormal? (because if i use a decomposition as i did in my x,y,z example and you then multiply with the same decomposition from the left, then in order to get the same result the mixed terms would need to dissapear – DeltaChief May 21 '17 at 19:14
• @jackiejonson69 Yes Fock states (capitalized!) are orthogonal. – Emilio Pisanty May 21 '17 at 19:15
• ah ok yes, if I think more about it that actually makes perfect sense. Thanks a lot! – DeltaChief May 21 '17 at 19:17
• @jackiejonson69 No worries. If that settles your question, you can click the green checkmark on the left of the answer to mark it as accepted. – Emilio Pisanty May 21 '17 at 19:21