# Matrix for $\pi/2$ pulse?


which interacts with light we get that: $\begin{pmatrix}c_1\\c_2 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\f{\Omega}{2}t) & \sin(\f{\Omega}{2}t) \\ -i\sin(\f{\Omega}{2}t) & i\cos(\f{\Omega}{2}t) \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}A\\B\end{pmatrix}\equiv U_{\pi/2}\begin{pmatrix}A\\B\end{pmatrix}$ but we can also write: $\begin{pmatrix}c_1\\c_2 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\f{\Omega}{2}t) & -i\sin(\f{\Omega}{2}t) \\ -i\sin(\f{\Omega}{2}t) & \cos(\f{\Omega}{2}t) \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}A'\\B'\end{pmatrix}\equiv U_{\pi/2}'\begin{pmatrix}A'\\B'\end{pmatrix}$ where $A'=A$ and $B'=iB$ are the coefficients of the representation of the state vector. Now when only applying $U_{\pi/2}$ or $U_{\pi/2}'$ once these expression are equivalent but if you apply two $\pi/2$ pulses in sequence then they are not and I am under the impression that only $U_{\pi/2}'$ gives the correct answers in this case. My question is why is $U_{\pi/2}'$ the appropriate matrix to use and not $U_{\pi/2}$?

• It would be helpful if you also write the interaction Hamiltonian. Why you write "two-state system", but then insist on light interaction? Why first a high level of abstraction, then a concrete system? All you present here is an abstract interaction, probably of an Hamiltonian of the form $H ~ \Omega \sigma_y$ or whatever. The actual atom-light interaction is much more complicated (phases, polarization, etc) than in these toy models mostly used by the quantum information community. May 10 '17 at 21:20
• Do you still miss anything in the answers here? If so, please let us know in the comments such that one can improve on the explanation. May 16 '17 at 7:33

Summary: Neither of your two approaches is in accordance with a correct application of a $\pi/2$-pulse. The first matrix contains a fabricated phase shift, the second one is obtained by a basis change which can't simply be applied twice.

## Some introductory remarks

• A $\pi/2$-pulse represents a 90°-rotation of the Bloch vector on the Bloch sphere around some axis. Around which axis depends on the form of the interaction Hamiltonian, which should be of the form $V \simeq \Omega_x\sigma_x + \Omega_y \sigma_y$, from which you derive the unitary transformation above by changing into a suitable interaction picture etc.. It is this unitary that should be used.
• Furthermore, having a $\pi/2$-pulse puts certain restrictions on the length of the pulse, i.e. you get a certain condition on the length of the pulse, which is $\Omega t = \pi$ if I'm not mistaken. So when you write $U_{"\pi/2"}$, you should have eliminated already all $\Omega$'s and $t$'s there, leaving you with something like $$U_{"\pi/2"} = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2} \begin{pmatrix}1&1\\-\mathrm i&\mathrm i\end{pmatrix},$$ and some expression accordingly for $U_{"\pi/2"}'$. (I will later show why $U_{"\pi/2"}$ is not a $\pi/2$ pulse, therefore the $"\pi/2"$ in it.)

## Non-equivalence of the two matrices

What you do here is to decompose the unitary into $U'_{"\pi/2"}$ and a second unitary matrix of the form

$$U_b = \begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&\mathrm i\end{pmatrix},$$

which also corresponds to a basis change of your state vector. This is equivalent to introduce a phase between the two basis states, or to rotate the basis of the Bloch sphere accordingly. However, if you apply two pulses $U_{"\pi/2"}$ in row,

$$U_{"\pi/2"} U_{"\pi/2"} = U_{"\pi/2"}' U_b U_{"\pi/2"}' U_b$$

you see that this is inequivalent to two consequential applications of $U_{"\pi/2"}'$ obviously.

## Why your $U_{"\pi/2"}$ is not a $\pi/2$-pulse

Coming back to the question why $U_{"\pi/2"}$ applied twice does not give a $\pi$-rotation. This is easy to see now by just multiplying it with itself, yielding a matrix with all entries equal in modulus $(\simeq \pm 1 \pm \mathrm i)$. However, multiplying $U_{"\pi/2"}'$ with itself gives the desired $\pi$-pulse, which requires to have only entries in the off-diagonal.

So what, then, is $U_{"\pi/2"}$ really doing? It is bringing your state vector into a superposition state when starting from one of the two basis states. But besides a rotation round an axis in the equatorial plane it introduces a phase, which is equivalent to a rotation around the $z$-axis. Thus, your $U_{"\pi/2"}$ is a combination of a $\pi/2$-pulse around, say, the $x$-axis with a rotation around the $z$-axis. A second rotation around the $x$-axis then has a different effect (here, if I see it correct, it does nothing, because the vector is just parallel to the rotation axis), and the further phase (=rotation around the $z$-axis) leads to a final state, which is still in the equatorial plane of the Bloch sphere.

Physically, this situation is similar to that of the frequency of the radiation field being not resonant with the transition frequency of the two-level system. Then, the transformation in the interaction picture does not remove the term $\sim \sigma_z$ of the two-level system Hamiltonian, so that these terms show up in the unitary, yielding a phase shift which is proportional to $\sim \Delta t$, where $\Delta$ is the detuning between the radiation frequency and the transition frequency. However, as the other answer pointed out, the limit of $t=0$ yields some instantaneous phase shift.

As I pointed out in the comment below, this is not unphysical per se, but can accommodate a phase shift between two pulses that is, for instance, imposed by shift of the phase of the radiation field,

which can't be described by a Hamiltonian anyway. A inclusion of such a phase shift may seem unphysical for not yielding the identity transformation for $t \rightarrow 0$, but it can't be described by a Schrödinger equation anyway but should be considered as a kind of external condition.

The problem with your transformation $$\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\frac{\Omega}{2}t) & \sin(\frac{\Omega}{2}t) \\ -i\sin(\frac{\Omega}{2}t) & i\cos(\frac{\Omega}{2}t) \end{pmatrix} \tag{1}$$ is that it does not satisfy the obvious boundary condition of giving the unit matrix at $$t=0$$. This should be enough to eliminate Eq.(1) as a valid transformation on physical grounds.