# Fermi golden rule and density matrix

Fermi Golden Rule expresses up to the first order the rate of departure from a state $|\psi_i>$ under the influence of a perturbation $V$ $$W=\frac{2\pi}{\hbar} \int dk_f \mathcal{D}(k_f) \, \left|\left\langle {\psi_f}|V|{\psi_i}\right\rangle \right|^{2}\delta_{E_{f}E_{i}}$$

How can such an expression be generalized to the case of non-pure states ? Is there a similar expression in terms of density matrix $\rho$, something like $$W=\frac{2\pi}{\hbar} {\rm Tr_{k_f}}\left( V\rho V^\dagger \right)$$ Any reference is welcome!

If instead of Hamiltonian eigenvectors one uses density matrices as allowed states, one has much greater set of allowed states. How would you restrict this set of final states so that one is able to derive formula similar to the golden rule? If you allow only those matrices that have all entries zero and single 1 on a diagonal, then we're back to the original description and using density matrices brings only notational complications - how would one define matrix element $V_{ik}$ if one has to use density matrix instead of integral over $\psi$ functions?