Size of universe after inflation?

Question

Wikipedia states the period of inflation was from $10^{-36}$sec to around $10^{-33}$sec or $10^{-32}$sec after Big Bang, but it doesn't say what the size of the universe was when inflation ended. Just saw a Brian Greene show on the Multiverse and I thought I heard him say size was galactic scales when inflation ended. However I've also read size was about a basketball.

Are there multiple theories with different resulting sizes? Does 'size' even mean anything in this context?

Answer 1

With the proper definition of the "size" of the universe, this question does make sense. The standard model of cosmology would say that the universe is infinite which therefore does not have a "size". However, if we take into account that the big bang occurred $13.7 \pm 0.17$ billion years ago we can define a meaningful size for the observable universe. You might, for example, define the size of the observable universe as the distance a photon could have traveled since the big bang.

Consider, for example, a cosmic microwave background (CMB) photon that was emitted as visible light about 379,000 years after the big bang and is just now hitting our microwave detectors (the redshift is z=1089): that photon has been traveling for 13.7 billion years so it has traveled a distance of 13.7 billion light years. So you might imagine that the current radius of the observable universe is 13.7 billion light years. However, during this time the universe has been expanding, so the current position of the matter that emitted that photon will now be 46.5 billion light years away. (By now, the little $10^{-5}$ bumps on the CMB will have condensed into galaxies and stars at that distance.) This gives a diameter of the current observable universe of 93 billion light years. Note that as time passes, the size of the observable universe will increase. In fact it will increase by significantly more than two (to convert radius to diameter) light years per year because of the continued (accelerating) expansion of the universe. Also note that we will not be able to use photons (light) to explore the universe earlier than 379,000 years after the big bang since the universe was opaque to photons at that time. However, in the future we could conceivably use neutrinos or gravitational wave telescopes to explore the earlier universe.

So given a size of the current observable universe, we can ask how big was that volume at any particular time in the past. According to this paper at the end of inflation the universe's scale factor was about $10^{-30}$ smaller than it is today, so that would give a diameter for the currently observable universe at the end of inflation of 0.88 millimeters which is approximately the size of a grain of sand (See calculation at WolframAlpha).

It is believed that inflation needed to expand the universe by at least a factor of 60 e-foldings (which is a factor of $e^{60}$). So using WolframAlpha again we find that the diameter of the universe before inflation would have been $7.7 \times 10^{-30}$ meters which is only about 480,000 Planck lengths.

Perhaps Brian Greene was talking about the size of the observable universe at the time when the CMB photons started traveling towards us. That happened 379,000 years after the big bang at a redshift of 1098 which means the universe was about 84.6 million light years in diameter which, per WolframAlpha, is about half the diameter of the local super cluster of galaxies or about 840 times the diameter of our galaxy.

Answer 2

In the simplest model of the universe, the FLRW metric, the universe is infinite and has always been infinite right back to the Big Bang. Inflation doesn't change this assumption.

So it makes sense to ask, for example, how big a Planck volume became during inflation, but it doesn't make sense to ask how big the whole universe is. (Depending on what you take as the inflation scale factor a Planck volume ended up about $10^{-27}m^3$ and this is a lot smaller than a basketball.)

Having said this, Don Page has suggested a lower bound for the size of the whole universe at the end of inflation, and his answer is $10^{10^{10^{122}}}$ cubic megaparsecs. However I think you should regard this as extremely speculative.

Answer 3

I'm just a lowly aerospace engineer. But when I think of inflation to a certain volume, my Euclidean me says that it had to be at least large enough at the end of inflation for the 13.7 billion light year distance from our present position to the opposite end of universe since that is the farthest light we have detected. If this is the case can't we just back calculate to the radius given the accelerated expansion (assuming constant acceleration rate) since the end of inflation? In my thinking if the universe was millimeters in size at the end of expansion, then the photons emitted from the "other side" of the universe would have passed us already. So even with an accelerating expansion from that time to today at velocities much less than the speed of light means that we cannot possibly be seeing the start of the universe after cooling.

Answer 4

Answer to the inflation riddle is simple, it is staring everyone in the face.

You can not explain the early universe in classical terms, the size/volume whatever you want to think of before and after the inflationary period is irrelevant.
The before and after were completely different to each other, why? Because in the beginning there was nothing, then there was something, this something did not come fully formed as we see the universe now with it's multiple dimensions, at that beginning point there was only one dimension, what happen after in the inflationary period was the expanding or addition of the extra dimensions, two then three, and so on, that is why the expansion seems so incomprehensibly large and seems to move at impossible speeds far beyond what the speed of light would allow. The number of dimensions is infinite on a scale of infinities beyond reasonable comprehension, of which the observable universe is only three and was fully formed at the end of the inflationary period, these infinite dimensions never stop growing exponentially.

BUT Time it's self is the first dimension, a framework of sorts, in which all the other dimensions rest, it is the container, not a point, like the exponentially dividing cell when human life begins. Time is nothing more than exponential dimension addition/growth.