What does tensor mean in a physics context? I am taking a fluid mechanics class and don't know very much physics. I was confused in class when the prof kept calling this derivative matrix of a fluid flow (A function from $\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^n$ representing fluid flow velocity) a tensor.
I confess I didn't get much out of reading the highly abstract math definition of tensor (multilinear, possibly antisymmetric etc.) and was wondering if I could get some insight on how physicists use and think of them? Is it just something multi-indexed? 
Any suggestions of materials to read would also be appreciated!
 A: You can find the rigorous definition anywhere, so here let me give a simple perspective: Tensors are building blocks of equations which are coordinate system independent.
For example, the width of a car when you see it from behind will be different than the "width" of the car when you rotate it 90 degrees. This is because this scalar "width" is not a product of a tensor. On the other hand the length of a rod will always be same regardless of the coordinate system in which you examine it, because length of an object is $l=\sqrt{\vec{l}\cdot\vec{l}}$, and the vector $\vec{l}$ is a tensor.
Like vectors, other tensors such as inertia tensor $I_{ab}$ are used in equations to make them coordinate system independent. We call them tensorial equations. For example, Einstein's GR equation is roughly $G_{\mu\nu}\sim T_{\mu\nu}$ which relates two second rank tensors, hence is valid at all coordinate systems.
Today, we know that tensorial equations are not enough to describe physics of QM, hence in addition we use spinor equations. They are generalized version of tensors.
The key point for both tensors and spinors is that they are all roughly the proper operators to work with if we want to respect some group transformation. And most of the time, this group is exactly the one which governs the coordinate transformations we want the equation to be independent of. For example, in Special Relativity, we want the equations to be independent of coordinate transformations, which are $SO(3,1)$ transformations, so we build our equations using $SO(3,1)$ tensors.
A: In physics we use the following  (relevant to the tensor concept in three dimensional space, to make it simple):
scalars: these have a single value from the field of real numbers at each point is space . Example: temperature, 
vectors: these have three values from the field of real numbers at each point in space and they obey vector algebra. They are useful to describe directional observations. example: force, velocity. (v_x,v_y,v_z) will describe the velocity and  (v.v), the dot product of the vector is a single real number that is the speed. I suppose you are familiar with this.
In studying and measuring natural phenomena it was found that these were not enough in describing physical systems. Tensors were introduced, where for each point in space nine numbers are needed to describe the data. It is not enough to know the x component of the value under study,  since it changes value ( at a fixed x)   for different values  the y axis and z axis.
All three obey particular coordinate  transformation equations. Scalars do not change value, vectors and tensors follow the rules of the transformations.
A matrix representation for a tensor  makes it simpler:

This example  is a symmetric tensor , but good for an example. Looking at the  columns it is like a vector, (x,y,z) components, looking at the  row the same. It is used for physical quantities which differ in this "peculiar " manner and need all nine components to make sense. For example electric susceptibility in some crystal lattices.  
A: In cartesian coordinates, a vector can represented as a summation of components times unit vectors:$$\vec{V}=V_x\vec{i}_x+V_y\vec{i}_y+V_z\vec{i}_z$$Similarly, a 2nd order tensor can be represented as a summation of components times pairs of unit vectors:
$$\vec{T}=T_{xx}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_x+T_{xy}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_y+T_{xz}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_z+T_{yx}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_x+T_{yy}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_y+T_{yz}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_z+T_{zx}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_x+T_{zy}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_y+T_{zz}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_z\tag{1}$$
Two vectors placed in juxtaposition like this, with no mathematical operation implied between them, is called a dyad.  An example of a dyad is $\vec{a}\vec{b}$, where $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$ are vectors. A dyad does not fulfill its mission in life until it is dotted with another vector.  Then it maps the other vector into a new vector. Here are the two simple rules for dotting a dyad with a vector:  $$\vec{c}\centerdot \vec{a}\vec{b}=(\vec{c}\centerdot \vec{a})\vec{b}=\vec{d}\tag{2}$$
$$\vec{a}\vec{b}\centerdot \vec{c}=\vec{a}(\vec{b}\centerdot \vec{c})=\vec{e}\tag{3}$$
In Eqn. 2, the dyad $\vec{a}\vec{b}$ maps the vector $\vec{c}$ into a new vector $\vec{d}$, and the vector $\vec{d}$ has the same direction as the vector $\vec{b}$.  In Eqn. 3, the dyad $\vec{a}\vec{b}$ maps the vector $\vec{c}$ into a new vector $\vec{e}$, and the vector $\vec{e}$ has the same direction as the vector $\vec{a}$.  A sum of components times dyads like Eqn. 1 is called a dyadic.  Let's see what happens if we dot the dyadic sum in Eqn. 1 on its right side by a unit vector in an arbitrary direction $\vec{n}=n_x\vec{i}_x+n_y\vec{i}_y+n_z\vec{i}_z$:$$\vec{T}\centerdot \vec{n}=(T_{xx}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_x+T_{xy}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_y+T_{xz}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_z+T_{yx}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_x+T_{yy}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_y+T_{yz}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_z+T_{zx}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_x+T_{zy}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_y+T_{zz}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_z)\centerdot (n_x\vec{i}_x+n_y\vec{i}_y+n_z\vec{i}_z)$$
$$\vec{T}\centerdot \vec{n}=(T_{xx}n_x+T_{xy}n_y+T_{xz}n_z)\vec{i_x}+(T_{yx}n_x+T_{yy}n_y+T_{yz}n_z)\vec{i_y}+(T_{zx}n_x+T_{zy}n_y+T_{zz}n_z)\vec{i_z}\tag{4}$$
You've been learning about the velocity gradient tensor.  In terms of dyadic tensor notation, the velocity gradient tensor is written as
$$\vec{\nabla} \vec{V}=\frac{\partial V_x}{\partial x}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_x+\frac{\partial V_y}{\partial x}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_y+\frac{\partial V_z}{\partial x}\vec{i}_x\vec{i}_z+\frac{\partial V_x}{\partial y}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_x+\frac{\partial V_y}{\partial y}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_y+\frac{\partial V_z}{\partial y}\vec{i}_y\vec{i}_z+\frac{\partial V_x}{\partial z}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_x+\frac{\partial V_y}{\partial z}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_y+\frac{\partial V_z}{\partial z}\vec{i}_z\vec{i}_z\tag{5}$$
Suppose you want to determine the difference in fluid velocity between two arbitrary neighboring points in the flow, at (x,y,z) and at (x+dx, y+dy, and z+dz).  The differential position vector between these two points is $\vec{ds}=(dx\vec{i}_x+dy\vec{i}_y+dz\vec{i}_z)$.  Here's a homework problem for you:  Show that, if you pre-dot $\vec{\nabla} \vec{V}$ with $\vec{ds}$ to obtain $\vec{ds}\centerdot \vec{\nabla} \vec{V}$, the result is the velocity difference between the two points $d\vec{V}=(dV_x\vec{i}_x+dV_y\vec{i}_y+dV_z\vec{i}_z)$.
Hope this helps.
