# Are all field interactions carried out through force-mediating particles?

To my knowledge, all field interactions are carried out through force-mediating particles. For example, electromagnetic interactions are carried out through exchanging photons. However, under the entry "Quantum Field Theory" in Wikipedia, it is written:

The notion of a force-mediating particle comes from perturbation theory, and does not make sense in the context of non-perturbative approaches to QFT, such as with bound states.

If this is true, then how are field interactions carried out in the context of non-perturbative approach to QFT? Besides, interactions among quarks, which are non-perturbative, are carried out through exchanging gluons. Isn't this a case of force-mediating particles in the context of non-perturbative approach?

For example, $\phi ^4$ theory for scalar bosons don't need any other gauge bosons to carry the interaction. In fact, they can interact with themselves. See David Tong's lecture notes on QFT .