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A book I'm reading suggests checking if a metric describes a curved space by calculating

$$ R = \lim_{\small{radius} \to 0} \frac 6 {(\hbox{radius})^2} \bigg(1 - \frac {\hbox{circumference}} {2\pi \ \hbox{radius}} \bigg) $$

I don't understand why this is better than just calculating the circumference, and seeing if it is different to $ 2 \pi $ times the radius.

Does anyone know the benefit of the limit formula?

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You are trying to evaluate the curvature at a point: knowing 'there is some curvature in this region' is not the same thing at all. A good example of why this matters is the surface of a cone in 2 dimensions.

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