# Estimating the yield of the Trinity Test using dimensional analysis

So essentially I'm trying to re-do what G.I. Taylor did to estimate the energy released by the Trinity Test using dimensional analysis. I understand all of the dimensional analysis aspects, I'm just a little confused on the estimation aspects. I know to estimate the radius of the shockwave from the picture at a certain time, then plug that into the formula I've derived and solve for E, but I've been given a 4 picture series of the blast and I'm not sure if I should just use one picture or take an average of the energy estimation at each of them.

The reason this is causing me confusion is that the energy estimates I get vary a little too much for my liking throughout the time series. A couple are very close to the actual yield, but another is half that, and the last is like 1/8 of it. Every example I can find online just uses a single picture to get their estimate, but I don't see why any one of the pictures would be inherently more valid than the others, and it would seem kind of cheap to calculate estimates for all and then just pick the one that's closest to the Trinity Test's actual yield.

I'm not trying to ask anyone to do my homework for me, I just want to know if there is a standard protocol for doing estimates like this (i.e. taking an average of the estimates from each picture vs. picking a random picture to base the estimate on vs. choosing the picture from the time we would expect to yield the most accurate estimate for some reason), and I can't find a solid answer online.

• Actually there is a best linear fit somewhere in this analysis, i.e there is a best fit line to be drawn on a log-log plot of log(t) vs (5/2)log R. Feb 19 '17 at 21:12
• I'm a little confused as to how that would help me estimate the energy. Could you elaborate? Feb 19 '17 at 21:13
• While a factor of eight is not definitive, if you find large variation (say a couple orders of magnitude) in the result from a dimensional estimate like that you may be looking at evidence that your analysis is wrong or that it does not apply to some of the cases you're using it for. Feb 19 '17 at 21:34
• Ah. Nice. In that case the next suspects are the measurement (as you suggest) and the possibility that, say, the earliest frames don't qualify for your estimate in some way. I've seen estimates that rely on thermal distribution fail when applied too early after a rapid change. I suppose that a prompt critical chain reaction would qualify... Feb 19 '17 at 23:14

Let $E$ be the energy, $t$ time, $\rho_0$ the air density immediately outside the fireball, and $P_0$ the air pressure immediately outside the fireball. Furthermore define the dimensionless quantity $$\pi_1=\left(E^{-2/5} t^{6/5}\rho_0^{-3/5}P_0\right)\, .$$ and $g(\pi_1)$ an arbitrary function of this dimensionless parameter.

Next $$\pi= R E^{-1/5}t^{-2/5}\rho_0^{1/5}=R\left(\frac{E t^2}{\rho_0}\right)^{-1/5}\, .$$ What is measured from the photograph is $R$ so we can write $$R=\left(\frac{E t^2}{\rho_0}\right)^{1/5} g(\pi_1)$$ with an arbitrary function $g$ of the dimensionless variable $\pi_1$. Note that $g(\pi_1)$ is necessarily dimensionless itself.

Since the energy $E$ of the explosion and the air density outside the fireball $\rho_0$ are constant, we find that the radius of the fireball should grow like $R\sim t^{2/5}$ if the function $g$ is also approximately constant. How good is this assumption?

The function $g(\pi_1)$ depends on $\pi_1$ and all factors in $\pi_1$ except time are constant. Thus, for very small range of times, such as the very initial stages of the explosion, this function will not change very much and will be close to it's value at $0$. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that, for small times, $g(\pi_1)\approx g(0)=\hbox{constant}$.

Because the argument is a dimensionless parameter, this approximation is "universal" as it does not depend on the choice of units. Taylor determined $g(0)$ using chemical (TNT) explosives for which he knew the energy $E$, and found $g(0)\approx 1$. Armed with this we then have, for small times: $$R=\left(\frac{E}{\rho_0}\right)^{1/5}\,t^{2/5}\, \qquad t\ll 1\, .$$ A graph of $(5/2)\log(R)$ vs $\log(t)$ gives $$(5/2)\log(R)=\log(t)+ \frac{1}{2}\log\left(\frac{E}{\rho_0}\right)$$ so, knowing $\rho_0$, one can recover $E$ from the intercept of the graph.

I got the picture from a textbook on differential equations by Bluman and Kumei.

This gives $E$ equivalent to $\approx 25$kilotons of $TNT$. The actual measured energy was closer to $20$kilotons.