# What is a Lorentz boost and how to calculate it?

I know very little about special relativity. I never learnt it properly, but every time I read someone saying

If you boost in the $$x$$-direction, you get such and such

my mind goes blank! I tried understanding it but always get stuck with articles that assume that the reader knows everything.

So, what is a Lorentz boost, and how to calculate it? And why does the direction matter?

Lorentz boost is simply a Lorentz transformation which doesn't involve rotation. For example, Lorentz boost in the x direction looks like this:

$$\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} \gamma & -\beta \gamma & 0 & 0 \newline -\beta \gamma & \gamma & 0 & 0 \newline 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \newline 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right]$$

where coordinates are written as (t, x, y, z) and

$$\beta = \frac{v}{c}$$ $$\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}}$$

This is a linear transformation which given coordinates of an event in one reference frame allows one to determine the coordinates in a frame of reference moving with respect to the first reference frame at velocity v in the x direction.

The ones on the diagonal mean that the transformation does not change the y and z coordinates (i.e. it only affects time t and distance along the x direction). For comparison, Lorentz boost in the y direction looks like this:

$$\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} \gamma & 0 & -\beta \gamma & 0 \newline 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \newline -\beta \gamma & 0 & \gamma & 0 \newline 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right]$$

which means that the transformation does not affect the x and z directions (i.e. it only affects time and the y direction).

In order to calculate Lorentz boost for any direction one starts by determining the following values:

$$\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v_x^2+v_y^2+v_z^2}{c^2}}}$$ $$\beta_x = \frac{v_x}{c}, \beta_y = \frac{v_y}{c}, \beta_z = \frac{v_z}{c}$$

Then the matrix form of the Lorentz boost for velocity v=(vx, vy, vz) is this:

$$\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} L_{tt} & L_{tx} & L_{ty} & L_{tz} \newline L_{xt} & L_{xx} & L_{xy} & L_{xz} \newline L_{yt} & L_{yx} & L_{yy} & L_{yz} \newline L_{zt} & L_{zx} & L_{zy} & L_{zz} \newline \end{array} \right]$$

where

$$L_{tt} = \gamma$$ $$L_{ta} = L_{at} = -\beta_a \gamma$$ $$L_{ab} = L_{ba} = (\gamma - 1) \frac{\beta_a \beta_b}{\beta_x^2 + \beta_y^2 + \beta_z^2} + \delta_{ab} = (\gamma - 1) \frac{v_a v_b}{v^2} + \delta_{ab}$$

where a and b are x, y or z and δab is the Kronecker delta.

• Could you please refer a reference where the elements of the lorentz transformation matrix for boost in general direction is calculated in an easy way. I want to see how the elements of the matrix that you have shown are actually calculated. Also I want to know what will be the transformation incase of a spatial rotation plus a lorentz boost May 19, 2019 at 20:14
• When is it usually applied? Or in other words: Why should I boost? I got it that it changes the frame to another frame but when I have to do extra work I will skip that. So why shall I boost?
– Ben
Aug 19, 2019 at 17:51

Did you check out the wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation?

Basically it is just a change of co-ordinates when you change your frame of reference from one that is at rest, to another frame which is moving w.r.t to it at a constant velocity $v$.If the changes inertial frame is moving along the x-axis of the old frame, with the y and z axis parallel to each other, it is called a lorentz boost in the x-direction. The change of co-ordinates can be found out using the lorentz transformation matrix give by Adam, or the co-ordinate transformation formula. These can be derived using the fact that the interval between two points $(ct)^2-x^2-y^2-z^2$ is lorentz invariant. Refer to chapter1 of classical theory of fields by Landau and Lifschitz.

In a pithy sense, a Lorentz boost can be thought of as an action that imparts linear momentum to a system. Correspondingly, a Lorentz rotation imparts angular momentum. Both actions have a direction as well as a magnitude, and so they are vector quantities. They can be combined, and they can interact. Matrix (linear) algebra is often used for their calculations.