# Pendulum with Friction

There is a pendulum as shown in the image, with a disc, a rod, and a weight on the rod, pivoted at the rod's center. The masses of the rod and weight are $M$ and $m$, respectively; the mass of the disc is unknown. $L$ is the length of the rod and $\ell$ is the distance from the center to the center of mass of the weight. As the pendulum is released from the vertical position, it swings and comes up short at an angle of $\theta$ as pictured due to a frictional torque.

My questions are:

1. Is it correct to say the work done by the frictional torque is $mg\ell(1 - \cos\theta)$? (This is the loss in potential energy... but then what is the difference between this and the work done by the torque from gravity?) If not, could you please give me a hint?

2. Is it correct to write $$I\alpha = \tau_n + \tau_g$$ where $I$ is the total moment of inertia, $\alpha$ is the angular acceleration, $\tau_n$ is the frictional torque, and $\tau_g$ is the torque from gravity? If yes, is it correct to integrate both sides over angular position so that I can find $I$? (I know $\alpha$ as a function of the angular position.) Could you please give me a hint if I am wrong?

• What do you mean by "work done by gravity"? The equation in 2. looks fine to me, though you need to make sure to use correct signs on those torques. Shouldn't you distinguish between $theta$ (the angle at which the pendulum comes to rest) and some angle $phi$ for which you have an equation of motion? – user1583209 Dec 22 '16 at 3:08
• @user1583209 Clarified what I meant by "work done by gravity" and the [final] angular position issue. What do you mean when you say I should be careful about the signs? – shardulc says Reinstate Monica Dec 22 '16 at 3:12
• Why do you think you might be wrong? Why don't you go ahead and do the integration then see if it matches your experimental results? – sammy gerbil Dec 22 '16 at 9:16
• It would be useful if you described the experiment you have done and the measurements you made. Do you know the distance between the CM and the pivot point? – sammy gerbil Dec 22 '16 at 14:34
• @sammygerbil I did go ahead with the integration, but ended with a negative answer whose magnitude was too large compared to other measurements and estimates (3 orders of magnitude). – shardulc says Reinstate Monica Dec 22 '16 at 15:12

Your reasoning in 1 is correct. The pendulum starts at the vertical position with some maximized gravitational potential energy $mg\ell$, and ends after the first stroke with potential energy $mg\ell cos(\theta)$. Since there is no kinetic energy $K$ before or after this first swing and the gravitational potential energy of the rod does not change, conservation of energy requires that the work done (with convention that energy leaving the system is positive) would be the initial minus the final gravitational potential energy: $U_{i}-U{f}=\Delta E=W=mg\ell (1-cos(\theta))$. This convention is opposite from standard: usually $W=\Delta E=E_{f}-E_{i}=U_{f}-U{i}=mg\ell(cos(\theta)-1)$ would be written such that energy leaving the system is a negative value. You asked about the 'work done by the torque that gravity applies on the block.' Unlike the friction in the bearing of this pendulum, the gravitational force is a "conservative force," meaning the work it does is independent of the path the block takes. What matters is where the block starts and where the block ends. It is also important to say that the force of gravity does not remove energy from the block when it acts on the block. Rather, it converts the gravitational potential energy $U$ to kinetic energy $K$. Thus, if the pendulum had no friction, the block in the scenario you described would accelerate clockwise to the bottom of its travel. At the exact bottom, the system will have converted the maximum amount of $U$ to $K$, and it is the gravitational force that will have converted the energy from one form to the other. Then the block would continue, this time traveling upward. During this part of the motion, the gravitational force will convert the $K$ back into $U$ as the block rises. With no friction, the block would return to the top of the swing and continue around and around until the system is disturbed. Your system has friction, so whatever difference in total energy of the system exists between its initial and final state is the work performed by non conservative forces (the friction in this case): $\Delta E=W$.

In summary, the gravitational force does not remove energy from the pendulum system, it converts the energy of the system from one form to another. The change in energy of the system between successive oscillations of the pendulum is the work performed on the system by the bearing about which the pendulum swings. This energy is removed from the system in the form of heat.

For 2, your equation is correct if $\tau_{n}$, $\tau_{g}$, and $\alpha$ are vectors, but not if they are magnitudes. $\vec{\tau_{n}}$ acts in the opposite direction to $\vec{\tau_{g}}$ on the down stroke, and they act in the same direction on the up stroke. Your equation does not seem to take this fact into account. If your objective is to find $I$, and you know $\vec{\alpha(\theta)}$, you can solve for $I$ without integration so long as you derive the values of $\tau_{n}$ $\tau_{g}$ for a given position at which you also know the value of $\vec{\alpha}$. In general, using $\tau=I\alpha$ to solve for the moment of inertia of a system is a rough way to go (very non standard practice and extremely rare in problem sets). If you give more some more information about how your problem is setup, I can see if this plan is feasible, but finding I by "geometric" methods is much easier.

On the calculation of $I$ using integration of $\tau=I\alpha$: For the system you have, the integral of both sides with respect to $\theta$ yields the following equation:

$I \int\vec{\alpha}d\theta=\int\vec{\tau_{g}}d\theta+\int\vec{\tau_{n}}d\theta$

$\int\vec{\tau_{n}}d\theta$ is the work performed by a torque created by the frictional force through an angle theta.

$\int\vec{\tau_{g}}d\theta$ is the work performed by the torque generated by the gravitational force through an angle theta.

$\int\vec{\alpha}d\theta$ is meaningless and not feasibly calculable. Here is why:

$|{\alpha}|\equiv\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}$ so $\int|\alpha|d\theta$ is an integral with respect to the independent variable, which is not possible.

So calculating I by the integration of your equation in 2 is almost certainly the wrong way to go.

• Thanks for the intuitive explanation for part 1. For part 2, I do not know the value of $\tau_n$ at any specific point, nor do I know whether it is constant/dependent on velocity/... which is why I have to integrate if I want to use it, giving me the part 1 formula. How would the signs factor into this? – shardulc says Reinstate Monica Dec 22 '16 at 4:42
• In short, you really should not have to integrate this system, and I am pretty sure that such an integration: $I\int\vec{\alpha(\theta)}d\theta=\int\sum{\vec{\tau}}d\theta$ would not yield the value of I you are looking for. – UniqueWorldline Dec 22 '16 at 4:44
• I can't use 'geometric' methods because though I've pictured the disc in the image, it is actually hidden and nothing about it is known: the experiment's aim is to find its rotational inertia using the measurements of the swinging pendulum. I chose this method to do that because it does not involve any assumptions involving the nature of $\tau_n$. – shardulc says Reinstate Monica Dec 22 '16 at 4:45
• Have you been given a way to find a function for the period of your pendulum? The moment of inertia is a factor in any formula for the period of a physical pendulum derived from dynamics methods. By measuring the period, the moment of inertia can be calculated. – UniqueWorldline Dec 22 '16 at 4:49
• I do have the data for the period of the pendulum, but we have not covered that sort of thing in class. I will try using that method. However, could you please explain how I can take care of the signs in the integration? – shardulc says Reinstate Monica Dec 22 '16 at 4:52