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In a laser multiple in-phase light rays add up into one strong coherent beam of light. What happens if two opposing laser beams sum up and exactly cancel each other out? Where does the lost energy go?

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It sounds like you are talking about when a photon pair collides and makes an electron-positron pair (for example), which we might call annihilation of the photons (just like any particle/antiparticle). That requires at least the rest energy of two electrons, a total of 1.022 MeV. If there is less than that energy, the photons will not interact (unless they can make some smaller energy particles, but the likelihood of that is very tiny). If you are instead talking about destructive interference, it is very hard to accomplish destructive interference everywhere-- usually if you get it someplace, the photons just go someplace else, so there's no need to do anything with their energy.

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    $\begingroup$ "... it is very hard to accomplish destructive interference everywhere" -- actually, it is impossible. $\endgroup$ Dec 20, 2016 at 4:21
  • $\begingroup$ Good answer about electron-positron pair, but @flippiefanus is dead right: you need to replace "hard" by "impossible" and "usually" by "always". $\endgroup$ Dec 20, 2016 at 5:35
  • $\begingroup$ Never say never! Complete destructive interference can occur in specialized situations. For example, the Pauli exclusion principle is an example of complete destructive interference, though that's not relevant to photons. But any process with an exactly zero amplitude everywhere could be regarded as a case of complete destructive interference, I wouldn't rule out that this could happen with photons, at least at the level of common idealizations we use, but I certainly agree it's not typical. $\endgroup$
    – Ken G
    Dec 21, 2016 at 4:56
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(1) The situation you are asking also happens in two set of oscillating ropes connected in the middle with an overall shape of + like this:

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When you start to oscillate from two ends, you can see the process is time-dependent. Sometime in the intersecting point, sometimes it has almost twice the amplitude, and sometimes it goes to zero amplitude. But the energy is everywhere spread around in the two ropes as potential energy, tension energy, kinetic energy and the dissipate heat. In any case, the total energy is conserved, including the input energy you oscillate the ropes.

(2) For the linear optics and linear QED (the usual Maxwell equation in the vacuum or in the usual medium), at the leading tree-level order when you calculate the Feynman diagram, the photon and the photon do not interact with each other. It is not allowed by Feynmen rule. However, at the 1-loop order, the two photon (wavy lines) can annihilate with each other through fermions running in the square (solid lines) and the photons are created again. You can take this effect into account of the photon-photon scattering, one photon scatters from the transient vacuum charge fluctuations of the other.

enter image description here

(3) For the nonlinear optics and nonlinear QED (the modified Maxwell equation in the exotic medium), it is possible that the two photons can direct interfere with each other, but the overall effect should based on the equations. The energy should be still conserved taking into account the nonlinear effect through the medium.

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