What does the Pauli Exclusion Principle mean if time and space are continuous?
Assuming time and space are continuous, identical quantum states seem impossible even without the principle. I guess saying something like: the closer the states are the less likely they are to exist, would make sense, but the principle is not usually worded that way, it's usually something along the lines of: two identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state
Real particles are never completely localised in space (except possibly in the limit case of a completely undefined momentum), due to the uncertainty principle. Rather, they are necessarily in a superposition of a continuum of position and momentum eigenstates.
Pauli's Exclusion Principle asserts that they cannot be in the same exact quantum state, but a direct consequence of this is that they tend to also not be in similar states. This amounts to an effective repulsive effect between particles.
You can see this by remembering that to get a physical two-fermion wavefunction you have to antisymmetrize it. This means that if the two single wavefunctions are similar in a region, the total two-fermion wavefunction will have nearly zero probability amplitude in that region, thus resulting in an effective repulsive effect.
To see this more clearly, consider the simple 1-dimensional case, with two fermionic particles with partially overlapping wavefunctions. Let's call the wavefunctions of the first and second particles $\psi_A(x)$ and $\psi_B(x)$, respectively, and let us assume that their probability distributions have the form:
The properly antisymmetrized wavefunction of the two fermions will be given by: $$ \Psi(x_1,x_2) = \frac{1}{\sqrt2}\left[ \psi_A(x_1) \psi_B(x_2)- \psi_A(x_2) \psi_B(x_1) \right]. $$ For any pair of values $x_1$ and $x_2$, $\lvert\Psi(x_1,x_2)\rvert^2$ gives the probability of finding one particle in the position $x_1$ and the other particle in the position $x_2$. Plotting $\lvert\Psi(x_1,x_2)\rvert^2$ we get the following:
As you can clearly see from the picture, for $x_1=x_2$ the probability vanishes. This is an immediate consequence of Pauli's exclusion principle: you cannot find the two identical fermions in the same position state. But you also see that, the more $x_1$ is close to $x_2$, the smaller is the probability, as it must be due to continuity of the wavefunction.
The QM version of what is meant by force in the classical setting is an interaction mediated by some potential, like the electromagnetic interaction between electrons. This corresponds to additional terms in the Hamiltonian, which says that certain states (say, same charges very close together) correspond to high-energy states and are therefore harder to reach, and vice versa for low-energy states.
Pauli's exclusion principle is conceptually entirely different: it is not due to an increase of energy associated with identical fermions being close together, and there is no term in the Hamiltonian that mediates such "interaction" (important caveat here: this "exchange forces" can be approximated to a certain degree as "regular" forces).
Rather, it comes from the inherently different statistics of many-fermion states: it is not that identical fermions cannot be in the same state/position because there is a repulsive force preventing it, but rather that there is no physical (many-body) state associated with them being in the same state/position. There simply isn't: it's not something compatible with the physical reality described by quantum mechanics. We naively think of such states because we are used to reasoning classically, and cannot wrap our heads around what the concept of "identical particles" really means.
Ok, but what about things like degeneracy pressure then? In some circumstances, like in dying stars, Pauli's exclusion principle really seems to behave like a force in the conventional sense, contrasting the gravitational force and preventing white dwarves from collapsing into a point. How do we reconcile the above described "statistical effect" with this?
What I think is a good way of thinking about this is the following: you are trying to squish a lot of fermions into the same place. However, Pauli's principle dictates a vanishing probability of any pair of them occupying the same position.
The only way to reconcile these two things is that the position distribution of any fermion (say, the $i$-th fermion) must be extremely localised at a point (call it $x_i$), different from all the other points occupied by the other fermions. It is important to note that I just cheated for the sake of clarity here: you cannot talk of any fermion as having an individual identity: any fermion will be very strictly confined in all the $x_i$ positions, provided that all the other fermions are not. The net effect of all this is that the properly antisymmetrized wavefunction of the whole system will be a superposition of lots of very sharp peaks in the high dimensional position space. And it is at this point that Heisenberg's uncertainty comes into play: very peaked distribution in position means very broad distribution in the momentum, which means very high energy, which means that the more you want to squish the fermions together, the more energy you need to provide (that is, classical speaking, the harder you have to "push" them together).
To summarize: due to Pauli's principle the fermions try so hard to not occupy the same positions, that the resulting many-fermion wavefunction describing the joint probabities becomes very peaked, highly increasing the kinetic energy of the state, thus making such states "harder" to reach.
Here (and links therein) is another question discussing this point.
F=ma sense of the word? And why don't we include this force in the list of fundamental forces?
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Plot3D[Exp[-x^2 - y^2], {x, -3, 3}, {y, -3, 3}, PlotRange -> All, ColorFunction -> "Rainbow"] for the colorscheme in the 3D plot, plus some tweaking of the fonts for the labels
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The other answer shows nicely how one may interpret the Pauli exclusion principle for actual wavefunctions. However, I want to address the underlying confusion here, encapsulated in the statement
If time and space are continuous then identical quantum states are impossible to begin with. in the question.
This assertion is just plainly false. A quantum state is not given by a location in time and space. The often used kets $\lvert x\rangle$ that are "position eigenstates" are not actually admissible quantum states since they are not normalized - they do not belong to the Hilbert space of states. Essentially by assumption, the space of states is separable, i.e. spanned by a countably infinite orthonormal basis.
The states the Pauli exclusion principle is usually used for are not position states, but typically bound states like the states in a hydrogen-like atom, which are states $\lvert n,\ell,m_\ell,s\rangle$ labeled by four discrete quantum numbers. The exclusion principle says now that only one fermion may occupy e.g. the state $\lvert 1,0,0,+1/2\rangle$, and only one may occupy $\lvert 1,0,0,-1/2\rangle$. And then all states at $n=1$ are exhausted, and a third fermion must occupy a state of $n > 1$, i.e. it must occupy a state of higher energy. This is the point of Pauli's principle, which has nothing to do with the discreteness or non-discreteness of space. (In fact, since the solution to the Schrödinger equation is derived as the solution to a differential equation in continuous space, we see that non-discrete space does not forbid "discrete" states.)
