How would you design an experiment to grok optical phenomena? I've been toying with the idea of making a 3D scanner that uses an IR distance sensor to find position vectors of an object in space and then translates that into a 3D computer model.
One of the greatest challenges in this case is optical phenomena. If the surface has holes, or dimples that reflect the IR beam or cause diffraction, then getting an accurate reading would be nearly impossible, but that's an engineering problem. It would require several different passes from different angles to figure out what that real distance actually is.
What I would like to understand is there a way to use these "glitches" in the data to model the phenomena itself? 
I think that this would make for a great experiment, but I don't know where to start and what to study. Essentially, I would like to derive from the data a theory of what interference was observed from the sensors and then model it to understand what it means.
So, how should I try to;


*

*Setting up the experiment

*Setting controls to verify the data

*Model the data

*Fabricate a theory to fit the observation


Update: What I want to do is to create an experiment that uses these mistakes in data (weird readings upon hitting distorted surfaces) and create a model that shows what optical phenomena are at play over here.
Well, you could say why not just see the surface and judge? That wouldn't be fun, now, would it? On a more serious note, what I am trying to do is just make my own experiment to actually measure whatever optical phenomena is at play. Explain it and perhaps derive an expression for it from the data itself.
Basically, I want to look at the data set correspond it with the physical model and see the variation in the distance reading vs. what it should have been and the surface and try to model why that happened with the 3D diagram.
As I am someone who just got out of high school. What do I learn and how do I go about actually doing this?
Note: I use optical phenomena as a sort of place holder for reflection, refraction, diffraction or whatever combination of these is at play. Sorry, for the confusion.
Update 2: I guess the question title is misleading and so is the text. I changed / rephrased it to get more participation.
Moreover, I know that it's hard to give a perfect answer to my question, but I would love to discuss this with someone and figure out what to learn and how. So, please go ahead take a shot. I would love to hear what you have on your mind.
 A: Perhaps an extreme case of your line of thought where you focus on the "glitches" in your detector and try to extract data out of them is the "single pixel camera", where you take a series of random measurements from your very simple detector and reconstruct the image you're looking for.  Here's a nice article by Terence Tao on the mathematics of these.
A: @Anna what you are asking about is the problem of recording holographic images of 3D objects, the much harder counterpart of the problem of displaying a recorded hologram as a 3D image. I've thought about this a bit and it seems there is no simple solution if you want to obtain an image with a 360 degree view, with only one optical device.
However, someone has managed to rig Microsoft's controller to act as a 3D camera. Perhaps replicating this feat might make a nice project for you! Of course, there is a finite field of view and the example is far from a working "holographic recorder" of some sort. The video of the demonstration is pretty mind-blowing though!
A: Better late than never, right?
Those sensors are designed to give you measurements more or less reliably, so surface quality should not be too much of an issue. 
They do suggest you mount them on a servo so they can be scanned.
That way you can build up a 2-d array of depth values.
That data will be quite noisy, so you're going to have to process it to come out with meaningful information such as, if you're on a roadway, where is it?
That processing will be really interesting, at the intersection of AI, machine vision, and signal processing.
(Don't assume you need special computer hardware. First get something working.)
You might find Red Team Racing interesting. (My son worked on it.)
A: Study of interference and the related application to 3D scanning has some aspects still to be resolved but it would be unwise to try to reinvent.
Much of the 3D imaging theorising and initial experimentation was completed during the last 3 decades and is now available thru academic and commercial contacts.
Although I am always careful about recommending web references...
 you really need to check out... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scanner.
