What is a strongly correlated system (in condensed matter physics)? I was told that a strongly correlated system is such that Fermi liquid theory fails, or a single-particle picture doesn't work. So, there is no energy band for a strongly correlated system. 
So, I would like to know:


*

*Whether it's a good definition (single-particle fails)? Considering we always use ARPES to test high-$T_c$ superconductors, where ARPES focuses on the energy band. 

*Is a traditional BCS superconductor a strongly correlated system? I'm not sure about this. 

*Why it is called a strongly correlated system? Is there any relation with the correlation function? (For, I know that at a phase transition, the correlation length tends to diverge, but is that related?)


Thanks! 
 A: (1) Your definition of strongly correlated system is correct "single-particle fails." We can still use ARPES to study strong correlated systems, we just do not see features that would be present in a weakly correlated system. The most prominent feature in a weakly correlated system is a sharp peak at certain energy and momentum. If you track this peak in energy as a function of momentum using ARPES you have essentially measured the energy band. In strongly correlated systems this peak is not sharp. The precise definition of sharp is that it has a delta-function component to it (at least in theory).
(2) BCS SC is not a strongly correlated system. There are still energy bands in a BCS SC it is just that the energy bands do not describe electrons. The energy bands of a BCS SC tell you something about the SC quasiparticles called Bogoliubov quasiparticles. One interesting thing about Bogoliubov quasiparticles is that they carry non-integer charge.
(3) The "strongly correlated" refers to the interacting nature of the system and the fact that there is no single-particle description. If you excite a strongly correlated system in two steps, the excitation you make in the first step will effect which excitations you can make in the second step in a highly non-trivial way. The excitation you add first has a strong influence on the system and rearranges everything. In contrast, in a band metal you can add an electron at momentum $\mathbf{k}$ and the bands do not shift. You can then add another electron at momentum $\mathbf{k}'$ and its properties can be understood in terms of the original bands, i.e., the bands that were there before you added the electron at momentum $\mathbf{k}$.
A: Now, based on my current understanding, I would like to answer my question as: 
Any system described by Hamiltonian that is not quadratic is a strongly correlated system. Examples are: Fermi-Hubbard model with non-zero interaction: 
$$H = J\sum_{j,\sigma} c_{j,\sigma}^\dagger c_{j+1,\sigma} + \text{h.c.} -\mu\sum_{j,\sigma} c_{j,\sigma}^\dagger c_{j,\sigma} + U\sum_j(2n_{\uparrow}-1)(2n_{\downarrow}-1)$$
where the last term is not quadratic so it yields a strongly correlating behavior. 
