Why is there less UV light on earth in winter

Question

So I have often read that, at least in e.g. northern Europe, in the colder seasons, there is not enough UV (-B) light arriving from the sun, so many people have not enough vitamin-D from that.

At first I thought it was simply due to the sun "shining" for only a much shorter period of time in winter compared to summer and hence less possible exposure (not to mention that most of the skin area is covered then).

But I just had a thought coming to my mind, thinking about that in the mornings and evenings, we mostly see red light here, the higher end of the visible spectrum not getting through. I am not familiar with the physics behind that phenomenon, but thought that the higher-end of the spectrum like the invisible UV light may not be getting through here for even longer parts of the day towards and away from high noon, and that in winter, the part of the day where UV gets through is maybe very narrow and that's why it's said not to be enough.

Is that correct? And how exactly does this work physically?

Answer 1

For a definition of the UV index and a rough discussion of influencing factors see e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index.

You can compare the model shown there against actually measured data for the US: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/uv_annual.shtml.

Both sources will support your statement that UV exposure in summer is significantly higher (by up to almost an order of magnitude) than in winter.

This graph

shows the difference in irradiance between the top and the bottom of the atmosphere. For the UV-B range of 280-315nm over 50% of the radiation is being absorbed while going trough the atmosphere at right angle, i.e. the extinction will be significantly larger than that when the sun is low over the horizon. I would agree that the geometric angle makes a significant difference in the available irradiance. Combine that with the time we spend outside (or, do not spend outside) and the fact that we are almost completely covered up in European latitudes, and our actual UV exposure can only be a tiny fraction of that in summer. Having said that, unfiltered summer exposure of more than half an hour is considered dangerous.

Answer 2

The reddening of the sun has to do with Rayleigh scattering as the sun passes through more atmosphere. (see picture). This is in a sense, related to less energy but not the primary cause.

The reason we get less solar energy per square meter is that the angle of the sun in the sky affects how spread out the light is. (see updated picture). Ignoring atmospheric effects, it's the sin of the angle times peak energy. 90 degrees or directly overhead, figuring peak solar energy is 1,369 Watts per square meter (that also varies with distance), but the energy from the sun is mostly governed by the sin of the angle.

45 degrees: 1,369 * sin(45) W/m^2 or 71% of overhead or Zenith. 20 degrees above horizon, 1,369 * sin (20), just 34% of peak solar energy. Winter corresponds with the sun being lower in the sky, sunlight is more spread out. There is measurably less energy hitting the same area when the sun is low in the sky.

Passing through more atmosphere amplifies that somewhat, but the angle of the sun is the primary cause.

Answer 3

But I just had a thought coming to my mind, thinking about that in the mornings and evenings, we mostly see red light here, the higher end of the visible spectrum not getting through.

It does get through, at least to some extent. You see a very blue sky when the Sun is at its reddest. That blue sky can give you a sunburn if you go skiing in the mountains in the winter.

That said, even including the blue sky effect (which obviously has a significant ultraviolet component) the amount of ultraviolet light that does get through the atmosphere is indeed strongly reduced in winter compared to summer. The reason is the amount of atmosphere that the incoming solar radiation has to pass through.

For visible light, this is quantified by "air mass". The amount of visible light the reaches the surface of the Earth in winter is significantly reduced compared to summer because of the amount of atmosphere through which light from the Sun has to travel.

That said, the Earth's atmosphere, and in particular, the stratosphere, does an even better job of absorbing ultraviolet light than it does compared to visible light. The ultraviolet equivalent of "air mass" is even more strongly dependent on solar zenith angle than is visible light.