Change in entropy of thermodynamic environment during isobaric or isochoric processes When an ideal gas follows a isobaric or isochoric transformation (no matter if it is reversible or not) I'm not sure what is the change in entropy of the thermodynamic environment.
First of all, suppose there is no such thing as a thermostat (or body with infinite thermal capacity) in contact with the gas, so the thermodynamic environment changes its temperature throughout the process.
Now is it correct to calculate the change in entropy of the thermodynamic environment as follows?
$$\mathrm{isochoric : \,} \Delta S=-n c_V \mathrm{ln}\frac{T_f}{T_i}$$
$$\mathrm{isobaric : \,} \Delta S=-n c_P  \mathrm{ln}\frac{T_f}{T_i}$$
 A: Your analysis is totally correct (except for the sign of the change), provided cv refer and cp refer to the heat capacities of the environment, and Tf and Ti are the final and initial temperatures of the environment.  In such an analysis, the "environment" becomes your system.  The signs are, of course, incorrect.  They should be +'s.  
A: If you can take the environment to be one with constant specific heats $c_p$ and $c_V$, then you can write
$$dS_{\textrm{env}}=\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{env}}}{T_{\textrm{env}}}
=
\begin{cases}
\frac{nc_VdT}{T} & \textrm{if isochoric} \\
\frac{nc_pdT}{T} & \textrm{if isobaric} 
\end{cases},
$$
where the temperatures all refer to the environment. Then, when integrated between final and initial temperatures, we arrive at
$$\Delta S_{\textrm{env}}
=
\begin{cases}
n c_V \ln\left(\frac{T_f}{T_i}\right) & \textrm{if isochoric} \\
n c_p \ln\left(\frac{T_f}{T_i}\right) & \textrm{if isobaric} 
\end{cases},
$$
where, again, all quantities refer to the environment.
I assumed above that the processes undergone by the environment were quasi-static (or quasi-equilibrium). If the process was not quasi-static, we can only use the above expressions to compute the change in entropy provided the initial and final state variables of the environment match up correctly.
For instance, suppose that during the quasi-static, isobaric process assumed above, the environment moves from the state described by $(T_i,V_i,p_i)$ to the state described by $(T_f,V_f,p_f = p_i)$. Then the change in entropy of the environment during a non-quasi-static process taking place between the same two states would again be given by
$$\Delta S_{\textrm{env}} =
n c_p \ln\left(\frac{T_f}{T_i}\right).
$$
However, this process would most likely not be isobaric, since intensive state variables like pressure tend to not be well-defined during non-quasi-static processes.

For further reference: supposing that the system and the environment are exchanging energy with each other via heat but are otherwise isolated from their environments, we can write
$$\delta Q_{\textrm{env}} = -\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}},$$
in which case
$$dS_{\textrm{env}} = \frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{env}}}{T_{\textrm{env}}}
= -\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{env}}}
\geq -\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{sys}}}.
$$
Let's prove the inequality:


*

*If $T_{\textrm{sys}} \geq T_{\textrm{env}}$, then the system loses energy to the environment via heat, and so $\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}} < 0$. In that case, $-\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}} = |\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}|$, and so
$$-\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{env}}}
=\frac{|\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}|}{T_{\textrm{env}}}
\geq \frac{|\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}|}{T_{\textrm{sys}}}
= -\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{sys}}},
$$
where the inequality comes in because we have replaced the smaller environment temperature with the larger system temperature.

*If $T_{\textrm{sys}} \leq T_{\textrm{env}}$, then the system gains energy from the environment via heat, and so $\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}} > 0$. In that case, $-\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}} = -|\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}|$, and so
$$-\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{env}}}
=-\frac{|\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}|}{T_{\textrm{env}}}
\geq \frac{|\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}|}{T_{\textrm{sys}}}
= -\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{sys}}},
$$
where here, the replacement of a smaller denominator makes a "larger negative" number, in which case we get the same inequality.
Then, in the case that the system undergoes either an isochoric or isobaric process, we can write
$$\Delta S_{\textrm{env}}
\geq
\begin{cases}
-n_{\textrm{sys}} c_{V,\textrm{sys}} \ln\left(\frac{T_{f,\textrm{sys}}}{T_{i,\textrm{sys}}}\right) & \textrm{if isochoric} \\
-n_{\textrm{sys}} c_{p,\textrm{sys}} \ln\left(\frac{T_{f,\textrm{sys}}}{T_{i,\textrm{sys}}}\right) & \textrm{if isobaric} 
\end{cases}.
$$
Of course, we knew this already, because if we go back to
$$dS_{\textrm{env}}\geq -\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{sys}}},
$$
we can identify the right-hand side as minus the change in entropy of the system, and re-arranging, we get---of course---the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
\begin{align*}
dS_{\textrm{env}}&\geq -\frac{\delta Q_{\textrm{sys}}}{T_{\textrm{sys}}} = -dS_{\textrm{sys}} \Longrightarrow\\
0 &\leq dS_{\textrm{env}} + dS_{\textrm{sys}}.
\end{align*}
