# How to interpret the units of the dot or cross product of two vectors?

Suppose I have two vectors $a=\left(1,2,3\right)$ and $b=\left(4,5,6\right)$, both in meters.

If I take their dot product with the algebraic definition, I get this:

$$a \cdot b = 1\mathrm m \cdot 4\mathrm m + 2\mathrm m \cdot 5\mathrm m + 3\mathrm m \cdot 6\mathrm m = 4\mathrm m^2 + 10\mathrm m^2 + 18\mathrm m^2 = 32 \mathrm m^2$$

Dimensional analysis tells me that this is in meters squared, if I understand correctly.

Doing the cross product, however, I get this:

$$a \times b = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 2\mathrm m \cdot 6\mathrm m - 3\mathrm m \cdot 5\mathrm m\\ 3\mathrm m \cdot 4\mathrm m - 1\mathrm m \cdot 6\mathrm m\\ 1\mathrm m \cdot 5\mathrm m - 2\mathrm m \cdot 4\mathrm m\\ \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} -3 \mathrm m^2\\ 6 \mathrm m^2\\ -3 \mathrm m^2\\ \end{array} \right]$$

This doesn't make sense to me either.

I don't know if I'm thinking about this in the right way, so my question is this: when dot or cross-multiplying two vectors, how do I interpret the units of the result? This question is not about geometric interpretations.

• Abstract algebra could help. Inner product spaces, Dual spaces, Wedge products; under reasonable interpretations, the values produced by a cross product are not in the same space as the source vectors. Outside of $R^3$, they have a different number of dimensions! Another thing to remember is that dimensional analysis should probably include the basis vectors in question, and not simply neglect them. $x,y,z$: what is $x \cdot x$ or $y \times y$?
– Yakk
Mar 28, 2016 at 14:30
• Mar 28, 2016 at 19:11
• If I can make a plug for geometric algebra, it's clear that all vector products -- both inner and outer products -- would have the units you've found (meters squared in this example). Bivectors are always associated with areas. Mar 28, 2016 at 23:50

As ACuriousMind has already noted, you can geometrically interpret the length of the cross product of two vectors as the area of the parallelogram (or as twice the area of the triangle) spanned by them, and (the absolute values of) its components as the areas of the projections of that parallelogram onto the coordinate planes.

As for the dot product of two vectors, based on the law of cosines, you can interpret it as half the difference between the sum of their squares and the square of their difference:

$$\|\vec a - \vec b\|^2 = \|\vec a\|^2 + \|\vec b\|^2 - 2(\vec a \cdot \vec b).$$

In other words, taking the vectors to be two sides of a triangle, the dot product measures (half) the amount by which Pythagoras' law fails for this triangle.

Another way to geometrically interpret (the absolute value of) the dot product is as half the area of the triangle formed by rotating one of the vectors by 90° in their common plane, and then taking the resulting vectors as two sides of a triangle:

This follows from the well known dot product formula $\vec a \cdot \vec b = \|\vec a\| \|\vec b\| \cos \gamma$, where $\gamma$ is the angle between $\vec a$ and $\vec b$, from the triangle area formula $T = \frac12 \|\vec a'\| \|\vec b\| \sin \gamma'$, where $T$ is the area of the triangle formed by the vectors $\vec a'$ and $\vec b$ and $\gamma'$ is the angle between them, and the fact that the angles $\gamma$ and $\gamma'$ are complementary, and so $|\cos \gamma| = |\sin \gamma'|$.

Note the similarity with the cross product here. In fact, we always have $\|\vec a \times \vec b\| = |\vec a' \cdot \vec b|$, where $\vec a'$ is $\vec a$ rotated by 90° in their common plane (or in any of the planes, if there are several)!

Ps. I did notice (after posting this answer) that you asked specifically about the units of the products and "not about geometric interpretations." Even so, these examples should at least show that both the dot and the cross product of two length vectors can, in fact, be meaningfully interpreted as areas, and it should therefore not be surprising that, if the original vectors have units of, say, meters, then their product will be measured in square meters.

• I would not agree, that the trick with the rotated vector is a physical interpretation. How do you interpred the rotation, or even write it correctly? This works with dimensionless coordinates, but in a physical situation...?
– Ilja
Mar 28, 2016 at 7:13
• @Ilja: I'm not quite sure what you're asking. Rotating something by 90° surely is a physically meaningful operation; I don't see how it needs any kind of "interpretation". If you like, you can take a stick and physically rotate it 90°, in any plane of your choosing, to see that it's indeed possible and physically meaningful in real physical space. Mar 28, 2016 at 13:28
• You are right, to rotate something is possible, but that doesn't make it meaningful. And to consider the area spanned by one vector and a rotated other vector is too far fetched... what would be the meaning of this parallelogram in $F\cdot\Delta s$ with a rotated $F$, for example? And besides, as I said, you will have some trouble just to write the rotation in terms of the two vectors (you could e.g. use two cross products, but that doesn't suggest it has a simple meaning)
– Ilja
Mar 28, 2016 at 14:03

The length of the cross product of two vectors is the area of the parallelogram spanned by them, so the square-meters are the correct unit as well as geometrically meaningful - it's really an area. The $x$-component is the area of the projection of the parallelogram onto the $y$-$z$-plane, the $y$-component the area of the projection onto the $z$-$x$-plane and the $z$-component is the area of the projection onto the $x$-$y$-plane.

The unit of the dot product is not really meaningful. It's by definition the length of the projection of the first vector onto the second times the length of the second (or vice versa), which does not straightforwardly correspond to any area. It gets units of square-meters by definition, but there is no deeper interpretation behind it I could see.

• I think the way to make sense of the dimension of the dot product is not as an area, but as a length squared, since $\sqrt{\mathbf v \cdot \mathbf v} = |\mathbf v|$. Of course that only covers the case of the dot product of a vector with itself, though. Mar 27, 2016 at 21:14
• It is, in fact, possible to interpret the dot product geometrically. See my answer for some examples. Mar 27, 2016 at 23:50

It seems to me that you can always factor out the units of the components of a vector and rewrite it as a (physically) dimensionless vector times those units. Then the dot and cross products work on the dimensionless vectors and the attached units simply multiply together as they do in any non-vector problem.

As far as interpreting the resulting units, it will depend on whether you have constructed something that has a physical meaning or not. I suppose you could take the cross product of two force vectors but I don't think it will mean anything (but I'd be interested to see an interpretation if someone can think of one). Of course you can take the cross product of a position vector and a force vector and interpret the result as a torque.

Your dot product of two position vectors has square meters as units because it corresponds to a projected length times another length. And the cross product does correspond to an area as others have already pointed out.

The dot product of two length will nowhere occur in physics, that's why the unit is not meaningful.

Normally, you have a dot product either in a situation like $\cos(k\cdot r)$, where the $\vec k$ is chosen to give a meaningful number (phase) in the dot product, has the unit 1/m. It lives in completely another space than the radius-vectors, but they are somehow connected in the sense, that you can compare the directions of $\vec r$ and $\vec k$, they can be parallel, etc. This "somehow" needs some maths to write it more plainly: in short, the k-s represent linear functionals on the realspace...

Or you have a dot product in something like the calculation of work, where the unit is obviously meaningfull, too. The math should be similar here.

The cross product in explained in the other answer.

• Good answer, though IMO it's a bit strong to say the dot product of two lengths “will nowhere occur in physics”. For instance, it can certainly make sense to consider such a product if you simply want to assert that two things are orthogonal, by setting $\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b} = 0$ (which of course means you can just cancel the units). Of course, it might be objected that you're really invoking the Hodge star operator in this case, but that would arguably overcomplicate matters. Mar 27, 2016 at 23:03
• yes, it sounds complicated, but I remember beeing "relieved" when I realized, that there is a mathematically concise way to talk about such things. And yes, I's say that checking if two things are orthogonal means taking the projection of one on the other - that's the simple formulation - which you can also call taking the scalar product, but this involves the dual element to one of the vectors. The latter is not trivially connected to the former vector in an non-orthogonal system!
– Ilja
Mar 28, 2016 at 7:04
• but this is probably an argument about words :) since the root of the product with itself is so common, that one could give it some real existence rights
– Ilja
Mar 28, 2016 at 7:08

A dot product, much like a regular product, will produce a different quantity, usually with a different unit. That's not surprising, multiplication always does that (that's the point of units - they form a multiplicative group).

Consider the primary school version of work=force*displacement. You write it as $W=Fx$ (as "scalars"), you probably don't object to it. Well, it turns out, that only the force along the displacement counts as work, and in general, you need to write $W={\bf F\cdot x}$. So nothing really changed, except directions are now taken into account (dot product only multiplies parts of the vectors that are parallel to each other). The resulting unit is of course Joule (or some other unit of energy), just like in the scalar case.

For a cross product, it's essentially the same. Consider torque. You have $\bf M= r\times F$. Torque is a different quantity than distance or force. That would have been the case without the vector nature of the quantities.

However, there is something more subtle than that. Cross product doesn't produce a true vector, not when you take a really close look at it. The "sense" of the components of vector product has a sense oriented area about it... so it's not "how much of this-and-this we have in some direction" but "how much this-and-this goes through an area that points in some direction". We call those pseudovectors (axial vectors). Beside having this "feel" of circularity around some direction (look at the torque - it twists around an axis), it also has different symmetry properties. If you reverse all the vectors in the equation (flip the arrow), the cross product does not flip the arrow (because it's not really an arrow, it's an axis).

This "fine" point isn't necessary to understand the part about the units (that's just because a product always creates a different quantity), but I'm including it for completeness. Physical quantities are more than just numbers with units. There is a meaning and behaviour behind. Just recall that work and torque have the same units, but one is a scalar, and the other is a pseudovector.

The dot product can be visualized as a weighted product of the two quantities. Since it's defined as $\vec{u} \cdot \vec{v} = |u||v| \cos{ \theta }$, the $\cos{ \theta }$ can be thought of as a measure of the same-ness of the two vectors (resulting in a negative answer for angles greater than a right angle, while the $|u|$ and $|v|$ can be thought of as adjusting for the respective sizes of the two vectors.

As for the units, take $W=\vec{F} \cdot \vec{d}$, are more like relics of the two quantities entering the product, this example leaving behind units of $\text{N} \cdot \text{m} = \text{J}$.

And the cross product's units may be thought of as units of the area of a parallelogram in a sort of phase space (which would be difficult to visualize, since the space for two vectors of different units in 3 dimensions would be 6-dimensional).

While being admittedly geometric (um..... they're trig functions), this diagram concisely shows the relationship between the units. This has been said in a variety of different ways in the comments and other answers:

The same principal applies to the cross product. The diagram would be similar but look even more "geometric".

The dot product of two unit vectors can safely be considered a dimensionless quantity, from a dimensional analysis perspective — a unit vector is what you get when you divide a vector by its magnitude, and the dot product is linear in terms of the magnitudes of both vectors, so all of the units cancel out — and for the reason that you can take its arccosine to obtain the angle between the two vectors, and the cosine of an angle is dimensionless.

On dot product you get magnitude, in units of product of operands.

On cross product you get vectors with direction , in units of product of operands.