Is there an optical filter which exclusively passes right or left circularly polarized light? Is there a circular analog to the linear polarizer filter, which can be configured to pass only right (left) and block left (right) circularly polarized light?
 A: You have just described the 3D glasses handed out in movie theatres.
So, the answer is "yes."  :-) .   To be more helpful, here's a quote from the Wikipedia page

As shown in the figure, the analyzing filters are constructed of a
  quarter-wave plate (QWP) and a linearly polarized filter (LPF). The
  QWP always transforms circularly polarized light into linearly
  polarized light. However, the angle of polarization of the linearly
  polarized light produced by a QWP depends on the handedness of the
  circularly polarized light entering the QWP. In the illustration, the
  left-handed circularly polarized light entering the analyzing filter
  is transformed by the QWP into linearly polarized light which has its
  direction of polarization along the transmission axis of the LPF.
  Therefore, in this case the light passes through the LPF. In contrast,
  right-handed circularly polarized light would have been transformed
  into linearly polarized light that had its direction of polarization
  along the absorbing axis of the LPF, which is at right angles to the
  transmission axis, and it would have therefore been blocked.

