How does angular velocity transform on the surface of a sphere? If we consider the earth as a sphere than it will have an angular velocity of $\boldsymbol{\omega}=\omega\mathbf{e}_z=\frac{2\pi}{T}\mathbf{e}_z$ where $T\approx24h$.
Now we have given a location in spherical coordinates $\mathbf{r}=\left(R, \theta, \phi\right)^\intercal$ which points to the surface of the earth.
We are now given a problem where we should discuss the Coriolis force at that point.
The solution to this problem starts with projecting $\boldsymbol{\omega}$ to a cartesian coordinate system in rest at $\mathbf{r}$ where $\boldsymbol{\omega^\prime}=\left(-\omega\sin\theta, 0, \omega\cos\theta\right)^\intercal$.
I do understand where the $z$-component comes from ($\omega^\prime_z=\frac{\langle\boldsymbol{\omega},\mathbf{r}\rangle}{\Vert\boldsymbol{\omega}\Vert\cdot\Vert\mathbf{r}\Vert}\mathbf{r}=\omega\cos\theta\mathbf{e}_z$) but I do not know how to derive $\boldsymbol{\omega}_x$.
So how can we derive $\boldsymbol{\omega}_x$?
 A: Actoually your $ \vec ω'_z$ is also wrong, because $ \vec ω' $ is $(-ωsinθ,0,ωcosθ)$ for a different base. No matter what your base is $ \vec ω $ is the same vector so $ \vec ω = \vec ω'$. You have:
$$ \vec ω'_x + \vec ω'_y + \vec ω'_z = \vec ω \Rightarrow \vec ω'_x + \vec ω'_y + ωcosθ \vec e_z = ω\vec e_z \Rightarrow \vec ω'_x + \vec ω'_y=ω(1-cosθ) \vec e_z$$
And that is impossible because $ \vec e_x$ and $\vec e_y$ dont have components on $e_z$-direction.
Also the component of $\vec ω $ in the r direction is calculated by:
$$ \vec ω_r = \frac{<\vec ω , \vec r>}{||\vec r||^2} \vec r$$
Now we name $\hat r$ as $\hat z$ and we construct an orthonormal system as it is shown in the picture bellow.

According to this base, 
$$ \vec ω_x = 0 \hat x $$
$$ \vec ω_y = -ωcosθ \hat y $$
$$ \vec ω_z = ωsinθ \hat z $$
$$ \vec ω = (0, -ωsinθ , ωcosθ) $$
What i would also like to point out is that you say that $$ \vec ω = (-ωsinθ,0,ωcosθ) $$
That means that what i have defined as x axis you have defined as y and vice versa. The thing is that you usually define the orthonormal system Oxyz so as that $$ \hat x \times \hat y = \hat z $$
The way you have defined the system is such that 
$$ \hat x \times \hat y = - \hat z $$
That might create some problems, so I would encourage you to follow the first way (the one that I presented) of defining the orthonormal system.
