Why does a bullet bounce off water? It is known that bullets can ricochet off a body of water. Is surface tension responsible for this or is this the same behavior we see when an asteroid ricochets off the atmosphere? I don't think surface tension has anything to do with it but I'm arguing with someone who disagrees. I think the major factor is the density of water relative to air and the density of the bullet.
 A: It's nothing to do with surface tension (art least for large objects).
It's simply the force needed to accelerate the water out of the way to allow the object to sink.
Imagine a bullet bouncing off another bullet, or metal armour. No problem accepting that, it's just Newton's laws and momentum. well water also has mass and needs a force to accelerate it in exactly the same way - the only difference in bouncing a bullet, or a stone, or a bomb, is the speed and angle and how much water you need to move and how fast.
I'm not sure at what speed/pressure the viscosity becomes a factor, has anyone tried skimming stones off super-fluid helium? 
A: The mechanism is explained, e.g., in W. Johnson, Int. J. Impact Engng, Vol.21, Nos 1-2, pp. 15-24 and 25-34. 1998.
The following main assumptions are used to derive the approximate Birkhoff formula for the critical ricochet angle for a spherical projectile:
(i) The pressure $p$ on a spherical surface element along its outward drawn normal is
$\rho u^2/2$; u is the forward speed of the sphere resolved along the normal.
(ii) The pressure applies only to those parts of the sphere which are immersed below the
undisturbed surface of the water. The effect of the splash on the sphere is considered
not to contribute any pressure.
Thus, I believe, surface tension is negligible.
A: As a particle physicist I tend to see this as a semi elastic scatter, where the velocity and the angle of incidence  and the medium's cohesion must enter the solution. 
If it is a solid, which has high cohesion, there is high probability of ricochet/semi-elastic-scatter .
An asteroid skimming the top of the atmosphere  needs a very high velocity and small grazing angle.
Liquids are  in between, depending on the variables stated. 
I expect that at the microscopic level, the electrons of the projectile at a given angle and speed see the projection of the electrons of the surface as an impenetrable continuum,comparable to the  the one presented normally by solids.
A: It is probably easiest to understand if you think of the bullet moving in two separate directions, horizonal and vertical. The bullet moves slowly up or down into the water, while at that depth it moves horizontal a great distance at speed, it will encounter a significant amount of water mass which will be ejected as a reaction, the total momentum of this mass results in the trajectory being reflected. Hence the water is imparting momentum required to deflect the slower vertical component.
