# Does it contradict special relativity that an electron beam in a television picture tube can move across the screen faster than the speed of light?

While looking at some exercises in my physics textbook, I came across the following problem which I thought was quite interesting:

It is possible for the electron beam in a television picture tube to move across the screen at a speed faster than the speed of light.

Why does this not contradict special relativity?

I suspect that it's because the television is in air, and light in air travels slower than light in a vacuum. So I suppose they're saying the the electron could travel faster in air than the speed of light in air, like what causes Cherenkov radiation?

• You could also just consider a person shining a laser pointer at a distant wall. As you spin around, the spot of the laser pointer moves on the wall with a speed dependent on the distance to the wall. In principle, the wall could be so far away that the spot moves faster than the speed of light. But the light is still moving at the speed of light (in air, or whatever). The spot is not really an object - unless you are the inmate trying to escape from the insane asylum on a beam of light! – Greg P Dec 28 '10 at 22:17
• @Greg oh! move across the screen... so is it talking about the picture itself? I thought it was saying the beam from the electron gun was moving faster than light – wrongusername Dec 28 '10 at 22:21
• Yes. It is something I remember from an intro relativity book. It means the actual spot (yes, the image) moving across the screen. Otherwise, I don't get the point of the question. The electrons themselves don't move faster than light. It is just an illusion of something moving faster than the speed of light. – Greg P Dec 28 '10 at 22:31
• There were some other 'paradoxes' where objects seem to move at superluminal speeds. Particularly one from astrophysics which seemed interesting...perhaps someone can remember it for me. – Greg P Dec 28 '10 at 22:35
• @GregP: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminal_motion has some descriptions of common examples. Although that might be a good question to ask on the site. – David Z Dec 28 '10 at 23:47

This is an example of what is sometimes called the "Marquee Effect." Think of the light bulbs surrounding an old-fashioned movie theater marquee, where the light bulbs turn on in sequence to produce the illusion, from a distance, of a light source which is moving around the the marquee.

There is no limit on how short the time interval is between one light turning on and the next turning on, so the perceived light source position can move arbitrarily fast, but in fact nothing is actually moving at all.

In the case of the television screen, the phosphors on the screen can be lit in rapid sequence, but the electrons in the beam do not ever need to move at (or even near) the speed of light.

More generally, there are loads of examples of some imaginary or conceptual "object" moving faster than light, but in all these cases there is nothing actually moving at all. A classic example is the intersection point of two nearly parallel lines, which moves very rapidly as the angle between the lines changes. In this case it is obvious that the moving "object" isn't moving at all, but its still a good example of a case where you can discuss something moving faster than light without there being any violation of physical law.

This is a conflation of phase velocity, and group velocity. The beam can be seen to move from say left to right at higher than c, but no information or particles are traveling that fast. Information is being transmitted from the electron gun to the phosphor at well under the speed of light.

It has nothing to do with the media it is embedded in. The information is going from the electron gun to the screen, not from one location on the screen to another.

• How come the beam is a wave? – wrongusername Dec 28 '10 at 22:12
• @wrongusername: A beam of electrons behaves like a wave beam, the same is behaviour is verified even in much larger particles (such as small atoms). The reason lies in Quantum Mechanics, and I can't get into it here. – Malabarba Dec 28 '10 at 22:47
• All of this is mostly irrelevant though, as the wave nature of the beam has nothing to do with your question. This could happen with virtually anything that moves. – Malabarba Dec 28 '10 at 22:48
• Replace the electron beam with a marshmallow gun. People think of quantum theory and waves when they hear "electron" but not with "marshmallows". Of course, it may be hard to actually create a series of marshmallow collisions on a distant wall appearing to move faster than c, but heck this is only a thought experiment, so imagine if you have a powerful enough gun... – DarenW Mar 5 '11 at 21:17

There is no contradiction in "processes" made up of sequences of independent events such as these because there is no causal relationship between the individual events - in this case the flights of the individual electrons and their ultimate collision with the screen - that make up the process.

If the screen is far enough from the source and the scan so fast then the sequence of electron collisions moves across the screen at faster than $c$. In this case, the order of the collisions on the screen is reversed when observed from an inertial frame moving fast enough against the direction of motion of the scan. This is simply a manifestation of relativity of simultaneity. But this is not a problem, because each of the electron flights is causally independent, and therefore there is no possibility of a violation of causality wrought by the frame's motion.

It is, however, a problem if the sub-events making up the process are causally related. This would be so if the motion were that of lone electron, where its being ($B$) at each instant is causally related to its being at any former instant ($A$) - $A$ is then a cause of $B$. One can then find a relatively moving frame, for example, where each electron would fly back into the cathode, undergo inverse thermionic emission and become a conduction electron again.

Indeed the above is the primary reason why we postulate that such faster than light motion is forbidden in relativity: it would violate causality and we make this postulate to uphold a causal description of the universe.

Here's another example from Griffith's book "Introduction to Electrodynamics" which illustrates phenomena where what we see is not what we observe. The apparent speed can be much greater than the speed of light. This speed is just what we see, an illusion, and it's the result of our inability sometimes to see the actual direction of movement of an distant object w.r.t. us and the fact that the light needs some finite time to get to our eyes.

Problem 12.6 Every 2 years, more or less, The New York Times publishes

an article in which some astronomer claims to have found an object

traveling faster than the speed of light. Many of these reports

result from a failure to distinguish what is seen from what is

observed--that is, from a failure to account for light travel time.

Here's an example: A star is traveling with speed $v$ at an angle $\theta$ to

the line of sight (Fig. 12.6). What is its apparent speed across the

sky'?

(Suppose the light signal from $b$ reaches the earth at a time At after

the signal from a, and the star has meanwhile advanced a distance $\Delta s$

across the celestial sphere; by "apparent speed" I mean $\Delta s/\Delta t$.) What

angle $\theta$ gives the maximum apparent speed? Show that the apparent

speed can be much greater than $c$, even if $v$ itself is less than $c$.

It can be easily shown that the apparent speed in this example is:

$u_{app}=\frac{v\sin\theta}{1-\frac{v}{c}\cos\theta}$

To find the angle $\theta$ that gives the maximum apparent speed we just differentiate and solve, for $\theta$, the equation:

$\frac{d u_{app}}{d\theta}=0 \Leftrightarrow \theta_{max}=\cos^{-1}(\frac{v}{c})$

At this angle, $u_{app}=\frac{v}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}}=\gamma v$

This result shows that when $v\to c$, $u_{app}\to \infty$, even though $v<c$.

• This is not quite the same issue as in the question, though. – David Z Jul 17 '11 at 23:37
• I think this is exactly the same issue. The electrons gun changes its direction, lets say by $\theta=\phi$. If we suppose that the electrons are emitted once at $\theta=0$ and once at $\theta=\phi$, we get an triangle. While the beam at $\theta=0$ travels to the screen, the electron gun rotates by $\phi$ and emits the second beam. So the time difference between the arrival of two beams can be very small. – AndyK Jul 17 '11 at 23:55
• Yes, but in the case of the electron gun (and the light bulbs, and the laser pointer, etc.), the light is being emitted by two completely different objects. Nothing actually moves even close to the speed of light. In fact, nothing has to move at all, in the case of the light bulbs. But your example with the star involves light being emitted by the same object at two separate points. Without motion, there is no superluminal effect. That's why they're different phenomena. – David Z Jul 18 '11 at 0:05

The electron beam in a typical television moves with a speed no higher than $10^6 \mathrm{m/s}$, which is much less than the speed of light. I wonder what building-sized cathode ray tube television the textbook author has access to if he's made that claim.

In any case, even if the beam did move faster than the speed of light, that wouldn't cause any problem. Quoting part of the treatment of going faster than light in the Physics FAQ, section 3. Shadows and Light Spots.

Think about how fast a shadow can move. If you project the shadow of your finger using a nearby lamp onto a distant wall and then wag your finger, the shadow will move much faster than your finger. If your finger moves parallel to the wall, the shadow's speed will be multiplied by a factor $D/d$ where $d$ is the distance from the lamp to your finger, and $D$ is the distance from the lamp to the wall. The speed can even be much faster than this if the wall is at an angle to your finger's motion. If the wall is very far away, the movement of the shadow will be delayed because of the time it takes light to get there, but the shadow's speed is still increased by the same ratio. The speed of a shadow is therefore not restricted to be less than the speed of light.

Others things that can go FTL include the spot of a laser that has been aimed at the surface of the Moon. Given that the distance to the Moon is 385,000 km, try working out the speed of the spot if you wave the laser at a gentle speed. You might also like to think about a water wave arriving obliquely at a long straight beach. How fast can the point at which the wave is breaking travel along the beach?

These are all examples of things that can go faster than light, but which are not physical objects. It is not possible to send information faster than light on a shadow or light spot, so FTL communication is not possible in this way. This is not what we mean by faster than light travel, although it shows how difficult it is to define what we really do mean by faster than light travel.

The electron beam in a television is very similar. The electrons are emitted from one point in the cathode ray tube, and then the direction of the beam is modified by a varying electric field. The electron beam can move from one side of the television to the other in less than $10^{-5} s$, but the beam doesn't carry any information from a side of the screen to the other.