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I have been thinking on this for a while and i don't get it. My point is, the comoving Hubble radius $(aH)^{-1}$ is the distance at wich the universe expansion begins to be superluminical. In an inflation process, the comoving Hubble radius shrinks, so we get infinite conformal time before the CMB is released to have an homogeneous temperature picture of the surface of last scattering. My question is, if the Hubble radius shrinks, and this graph of Daniel Baumann notes on Cambridge's course of Cosmology is correct

enter image description here

why can we see the 2 points in that graph that correspond to the 2d surface of CMB that we can see today if, according to the graph, they were out of our comoving Hubble radius when they were emitted? Aren't those photons infinitely redshifted in our radial direction? That's my question!

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    $\begingroup$ could you please provide a link to the Baumann graph, TY $\endgroup$
    – user46925
    Dec 12, 2015 at 12:54
  • $\begingroup$ Oh yes, of course. Sorry, I thought I had uploaded the graph. I will edit the question now. $\endgroup$
    – Santiago
    Dec 12, 2015 at 19:10
  • $\begingroup$ I first found that graph on his notes for a Cosmology course in Cambridge and then I also found it in his work ªInflation and String Theoryª arxiv.org/abs/1404.2601. As he said in a lecture, the image is a little bit wrong because it said that the CMB is the hole horizontal line at 0.001 scale factor, but by definition, the CMB is what we see today, so it is just the 2 extremal points of this line, at the left and at the right. But that doesn't matter for the question that I asked. $\endgroup$
    – Santiago
    Dec 12, 2015 at 19:18
  • $\begingroup$ A lot of this is very unclear... But let's skip to the end: the portion of the CMB that is observable is in the center of the plot, inside the Hubble Sphere, on the CMB line... what's the problem? $\endgroup$
    – DilithiumMatrix
    Dec 12, 2015 at 21:28
  • $\begingroup$ As lightrays propagate at 45 degrees in conformal coordinate, the portion of CMB that we can see today is the two points at the right and left side of the CMB line, not the central point. The central point is the CMB that we could have seen when it was emitted, as I see it. $\endgroup$
    – Santiago
    Dec 12, 2015 at 22:46

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The question is a little unclearly worded, but I understand it as:

Is it true that the Hubble Sphere can be shrinking?
And can we really observe regions in the Universe which were receding superluminally at the time the photons were emitted?

It is important to remember that the x-axis on the diagram in the OP shows co-moving distance, not proper distance. When the expansion of the Universe is decelerating, as you see, the Event Horizon (and the Hubble Sphere) is expanding in comoving coordinates, as well as in proper distance coordinates. This allows for regions - including the photons currently inhabiting them - which were previously outside the Hubble Sphere to get inside it.

On the other hand, once the expansion of the Universe has started to accelerate, the reverse is true: The Hubble Sphere is now shrinking in comoving coordinates, but still expanding in proper distance coordinates. This means, quite intuitively, that in this phase of the Universe's existence, regions that have so far been receding slower than light, start doing so superluminally after a given point in time.

This also means that we can indeed observe photons from regions which are currently, and have always been, receding from us. Photons from these regions emitted in our direction will recede from us initially, but they will still propagate into regions of Space receding slower than before, eventually "catching up" with our motion and since approaching us.

However, if the region that emits the photons is receding too fast, the photons will never catch up with us (or rather, the photons will never be captured by our Hubble sphere), and the region will be forever invisible to us. The limit of this region is called the event horizon and is in fact equivalent to the event horizon around a Black Hole. The cosmological event horizon is interesting, because it marks a limit in both space and time, making the name very well chosen, but that's a story for another day.

For more on the subject, I warmly recommend the modern-classic paper by Tamera Davis and Charles Lineweaver called Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe - this answer is basically just a rephrasing of some stuff from that paper.

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