# What are the differences among bosons, force-carrier particles and mediators? [closed]

1. Are all bosons force-carrier particles?

2. What is the difference between these three concept?

3. Where can I find a comprehensive & detailed information about these particles?

4. How it can be related with thermodynamics and (quantum) statistical mechanics?

Before answering, please see our policy on resource recommendation questions. Please write substantial answers that detail the style, content, and prerequisites of the book, paper or other resource. Explain the nature of the resource so that readers can decide which one is best suited for them rather than relying on the opinions of others. Answers containing only a reference to a book or paper will be removed!

## closed as too broad by ACuriousMind♦, user36790, zeldredge, Chris Mueller, Bill NOct 9 '15 at 19:50

Please edit the question to limit it to a specific problem with enough detail to identify an adequate answer. Avoid asking multiple distinct questions at once. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.

• The most significant property of boson is that the amplitude of a boson to exist at certain state increases by $\sqrt{n+1}$ where $n$ is the number of bosons that are already existing in that certain state. You can't find this property in fermions & this is responsible for the Exclusion Principle for fermions. – user36790 Oct 9 '15 at 18:35
• No offence intended, but your question is very broad, as reflected perhaps in the textbooks you have listed. If you start by asking what is a boson?, I think you need to do some basic research, before you make the stretch to the rest of your points about quantum statistics. – user81619 Oct 9 '15 at 18:38
• @count_to_10. You're right. The original questions would be "Could you suggest some resources that can shape my research?" Because googling bosons and properties not giving much information about it. – esilik Oct 9 '15 at 18:56
• Have I missed something? Or are resource recommendations are now no longer on topic? (I realize that I argued in that thread for making them off-topic, but it's not a terribly well-received answer at the moment). – Kyle Kanos Oct 9 '15 at 19:15
• I've edited the question. If it's fits the rules can anyone open it for answers. – esilik Oct 10 '15 at 11:33

If you are at an advanced level and have already had a basic course in statistical mechanics but want to quickly brush up and tackle more advanced problems, Jos Thijssen's Advanced Statistical Mechanics notes are great. The discussion that perhaps you are looking for is on page 33: why the permutation operator must commute with the Hamiltonian, have eigenvalues $\pm 1$, and then how we have to choose one sign and propagate it across all of our particles to be truly consistent because we can swap e.g. the first and third particles in states A,B,C by swapping AB, BC, then AB again, leading to the conclusion that the sign from flipping AC must be equal to the sign from flipping BC (the sign from AB cancels itself). A similar argument then says that this is also the sign from flipping AB.