# Focal length problem

Let we have an biconvex lens with equal radii, that means the two radii of curvature are equal. We know that from lens equation,

For biconvex lens, $r_1= r$ and the opposite radius $r_1= -r$, we finally get,

$$\frac{1}{f} = (n-1)\frac{2}{r}$$ and the focal length become positive (n>1) as we know the focal length of bi-convex lens is positive.

On the other hand, if another person assumes $r_1= -r$ and the opposite radius $r_1= r$, He gets $$\frac{1}{f} = -(n-1)\frac{2}{r}$$

Which is minus but focal length of biconvex lens is always positive. Whats the wrong here?

Any formula in physics comes with a set of definitions of what each variable in the equation represents, and how to interpret positive or negative values. This is particularly rue in the case of lens and mirror formulae. In each case, a different form of the equation, with a different set of definitions, will give the same correct result.

In this case, Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)#Lensmaker.27s_equation adds to the above equation:

The signs of the lens' radii of curvature indicate whether the corresponding surfaces are convex or concave. The sign convention used to represent this varies, but in this article a positive R indicates a surface's center of curvature is further along in the direction of the ray travel (right, in the accompanying diagrams), while negative R means that rays reaching the surface have already passed the center of curvature. Consequently, for external lens surfaces as diagrammed above, R1 > 0 and R2 < 0 indicate convex surfaces (used to converge light in a positive lens), while R1 < 0 and R2 > 0 indicate concave surfaces. The reciprocal of the radius of curvature is called the curvature. A flat surface has zero curvature, and its radius of curvature is infinity

Thus, your "on the other hand" individual is not respecting the sign convention, and will not get the correct result...

EDIT to expand This source, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/lenmak.html, with its links, define exactly how the direction of light flow, sign of radius of curvature and position of focal point are to be defined. If you fail to follow these conventions with this form of the equation, chaos results...

• In the article, they said that, the closest curvature from the source is $r_1$ which is positive for convex. Nut if we invert the light source, then wouldn't the $r_2$ will be positive and hence the focal length would be negative? – Numerical Person Aug 21 '15 at 18:26
• If you invert the light source, you also renumber the surfaces. A properly written, completely defined lens equation will handle all your concerns... – DJohnM Aug 21 '15 at 18:45
• Can you please find the error I made? I considered d is small compared to $r_1$ and $r_2$ – Numerical Person Aug 21 '15 at 19:11